“
“Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a blood-borne infection that can lead to progressive liver failure, cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma and death. In developed countries, the majority of HCV infections are transmitted via injecting drug users (IDUs). Despite effective antiviral treatment for HCV, very few active IDUs are treated. Reluctance to treat is partially due to the risk of reinfection. We develop a mathematical

model of HCV transmission amongst active IDUs, and examine the potential effect of antiviral treatment. As most mathematical CB-839 models of interventions utilise a treatment function proportional to the infected population, but many policy implementations set fixed yearly targets for specific numbers treated, we study the effects of using two different treatment terms: annually treating a proportion of infecteds or a fixed number of infecteds. We examine the behaviour of the two treatment models and find different bifurcation behaviours in each case. We calculate analytical solutions for the treatment level needed for disease clearance or control, and observe that achievable levels of treatment can result in control or eradication across a wide range of prevalence levels. Finally, we calculate the sensitivity of the critical treatment threshold to the model parameters, and find that for a given observed prevalence, the injecting

duration and infection risk play learn more the most important role in determining the treatment level needed. By contrast, the sensitivity analysis indicates the presence (or absence) of immunity does not alter the treatment threshold. We conclude by discussing the public health

science implications of this work, and comment on the importance and feasibility of utilising treatment as prevention for HCV spread amongst IDUs. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“A population of [PSI+] Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells can be cured of the [PSI+] prion by the addition of guanidine hydrochloride (GdnHCl). In this paper we extend existing nucleated polymerisation simulation models to investigate the mechanisms that might underlie curing. Our results are consistent with the belief that prions are dispersed through the cells at division following GdnHCl addition. A key feature of the simulation model is that the probability that a polymer is transmitted from mother to daughter during cell division is dependent upon the length of the polymer. The model is able to reproduce the essential features of data from several different experimental protocols involving addition and removal of GdnHCl. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“This article considers a dynamic spatially lumped model for brain energy metabolism and proposes to use the results of a Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) based flux balance analysis to estimate the kinetic model parameters.

Consideration of all of these factors is necessary in order to improve the consistency of the conditioning effect and to better understand the outcomes of investigations with rTMS. These user-controlled sources of variability are discussed against the background of the mechanisms that are believed to drive the excitability changes. The mechanism behind synaptic

plasticity is commonly accepted as the driver of sustained excitability modulation PKC412 in vivo for rTMS and indeed, plasticity and rTMS share many characteristics, but definitive evidence is lacking for this. It is more likely that there is a multiplicity of mechanisms behind the action of rTMS. The different mechanisms interact with each other and this will contribute to the variability of this website rTMS-induced excitability changes. This review investigates the links between rTMS and synaptic plasticity, describes their

similarities and differences, and highlights a neglected contribution of the membrane potential.

In summary, the principal aims of this review are (i) to discuss the different experimental and subject-related factors that contribute to the variability of excitability modulation induced by rTMS, and (ii) to discuss a generalized underlying mechanism for the excitability modulation. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Objective: Patients with pathologic node-negative early lung cancer may be optimal candidates for sublobar resection. We aimed to identify predictors of pathologic lymph node involvement in clinical stage IA lung adenocarcinoma.

Methods: The data from a multicenter database of 502 patients with completely resected clinical stage IA lung adenocarcinoma were retrospectively analyzed to determine the relationship between the lymph

node metastasis status and tumor size on high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) or maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) on [18F]-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDGPET/CT). Revised SUVmax was used click here to correct interinstitutional discrepancies.

Results: In multivariate analyses, either a solid tumor size on HRCT (P = .001) or an SUVmax on FDG-PET/CT (P = .049) was an independent predictor of lymph node metastasis. The predictive criteria of pathologic node-negative early lung cancer were a solid tumor size of less than 0.8 cm or an SUVmax of less than 1.5. Patients who met the predictive criteria of pathologic node-negative disease had less pathologic invasiveness, such as lymphatic, vascular, or pleural invasion (P < .001), and better disease-free survival (P < .0001) than those who did not, and 86 (40.4%) of the 213 patients with T1b (2-3 cm) tumors met the predictive criteria.

Conclusions: Either a solid tumor size or an SUVmax was a significant independent predictor of nodal involvement in clinical stage IA lung adenocarcinoma. The pathologic node-negative status criteria of a solid tumor size of less than 0.

rHA1 proteins are expressed in insect cells as secretory proteins after integration into a baculovirus expression vector containing a 6 x His tag element and the signal peptide of the GP67 protein, a membrane glycoprotein identified in Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus. The proteins can be purified to >= 90% purity using a single Ni(2+)-chelating affinity chromatography step, yielding a recovery Roscovitine ic50 rate of about 50%. The rHA1 proteins elicit high titer antibodies in mice and show high specificity in Western blots. This

study paves the way for subtype specific detection methods and for future studies of the immune relationships among the subtypes of influenza A virus HA proteins. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“CB1, TRPV1 and NO can regulate glutamate release and modify defensive behaviors in regions related to buy Sonidegib defensive behavior such as the dorsolateral periaqueductal gray (dIPAG). A possible interaction between the endocannabinoid and nitrergic systems in this area, however, has not been investigated yet. The objective of the present work was to verify if activation of CB1 or TRPV1 receptors could interfere in the flight responses induced in rats

by the injection of SIN-1, an NO donor, into the dIPAG. The results showed that local administration of a low dose (5 pmol) of anandamide (AEA) attenuated the flight responses, measured by the total distance moved and maximum speed in an open arena, induced by intra-dIPAG microinjection of SIN-1 (150 nmol). URB597 (0.1 nmol), an inhibitor of anandamide metabolism, produced similar effects. When animals were locally treated with the CB1 receptor antagonist AM251 Tariquidar cost the effective AEA dose (5 pmol) increased, rather than decreased, the flight reactions induced by SIN1-1. Higher (50-200 nmol) doses of AEA were ineffective and even tended to potentiate the SIN-1 effect. The TRPV1 antagonist capsazepine (CPZ, 30 nmol) prevented SIN-1 effects and attenuated the potentiation of its effect by the higher (200 nmol) AEA dose. The results indicate that AEA can

modulate in a dual way the pro-aversive effects of NO in the dIPAG by activating CB1 or TRPV1 receptors. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Rationale Previous studies have suggested the involvement of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in the development of sensitization to psychostimulants. Ontogeny-dependent differences in the response to psychostimulants have been reported.

Objective The objectives were to investigate (a) the short- and long-term consequences of adolescent and adult cocaine exposure on behavioral sensitization and (b) the role of the nNOS gene in behavioral sensitization in adolescent and adult mice.

Materials and Methods Adolescent and adult wild type (WT) and nNOS knockout (KO) mice received saline or cocaine (20 mg/kg) for 5 days and then were challenged with cocaine (20 mg/kg) after a drug-free period of 10 or 30 days.

The REDUCE trial results should be available within the year. The results of the PCPT demonstrate a significant (measured relative risk reduction of 24.8%) reduction in the risk of prostate cancer. The initial observation of an excess risk of high grade disease appears to be related to improved detection of cancer and high

Defactinib research buy grade cancer related to the improved sensitivity of prostate specific antigen, digital rectal examination and prostate biopsy for cancer and high grade cancer detection. Modeling studies suggest that with finasteride the risk of high grade cancer is unchanged or reduced. Sexual dysfunction and gynecomastia were observed but the rates were low.

Conclusions: Recommendations for the prevention of prostate cancer must be based on outcomes of well designed randomized trials. Men undergoing prostate cancer screening should be informed of the potential for the reduction in risk with finasteride.”
“In the vestibular schwannoma patients, the pathophysiologic mechanism of inner ear involvement is still unclear. We investigated the status of the cochleae in patients with vestibular schwannoma by evaluating the signal intensity

of cochlear fluid on pre- and post-contrast enhanced thin section three-dimensional fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (3D-FLAIR).

Twenty-eight patients were retrospectively analyzed. Post-contrast images were obtained in 18 patients, and 20 patients had the records of their pure-tone audiometry. Regions of selleck chemicals llc interest of both cochleae (C) and of the medulla oblongata (M) were determined on 3D-FLAIR images by referring to 3D heavily T2-weighted images on a workstation.

The signal intensity buy S63845 ratio between C and M on the 3D-FLAIR images (CM ratio) was then evaluated. In addition, correlation between the CM ratio and the hearing level was also evaluated.

The CM ratio of the affected side was significantly higher than that of the unaffected side (p < 0.001). In the affected side, post-contrast signal elevation was observed (p < 0.005). In 13 patients (26 cochleae) who underwent both gadolinium injection and the pure-tone audiometry, the post-contrast CM ratio correlated with hearing level (p < 0.05).

The results of the present study suggest that alteration of cochlear fluid composition and increased permeability of the blood-labyrinthine barrier exist in the affected side in patients with vestibular schwannoma. Furthermore, although weak, positive correlation between post-contrast cochlear signal intensity on 3D-FLAIR and hearing level warrants further study to clarify the relationship between 3D-FLAIR findings and prognosis of hearing preservation surgery.”
“Purpose: Patients with bone metastases have high rates of RANKL driven bone resorption and an increased risk of skeletal morbidity. Osteoclast mediated bone resorption can be assessed by measuring urine N-telopeptide and can be inhibited by denosumab, a fully human antibody against RANKL.

The ALFF results revealed that children appear to recruit more neural resources than adults in generally reading-irrelevant brain regions. Differences between child selleck products and adult ALFF results suggest that children’s intrinsic word processing network during the resting state, though similar in functional connectivity, is still undergoing development. Further exposure to visual words and experience with reading are needed for children

to develop a mature intrinsic network for word processing. The developmental course of the intrinsically organized word processing network may parallel that of the explicit word processing network. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“NPSR1 is a G protein coupled receptor expressed in multiple brain regions involved in modulation of stress. Central administration of NPS, the putative endogenous ligand of NPSR1, can induce hyperlocomotion,

anxiolytic effects and activation of the HPA axis. The role of NPSR1 in the brain remains unsettled. EPZ5676 order Here we used NPSR1 gene-targeted mice to define the functional role of NPSR1 under basal conditions on locomotion, anxiety- and/or depression-like behavior, corticosterone levels, acoustic startle with prepulse inhibition, learning and memory, and under NPS-induced locomotor activation, anxiolysis, and corticosterone release. Male, but not female, NPSR1-deficient mice exhibited enhanced depression-like behavior in a forced swim test, reduced acoustic startle response, and minor changes in the Morris water maze. Neither male nor female NPSR1-deficient click here mice showed alterations of baseline locomotion, anxiety-like behavior, or corticosterone release after exposure to a forced swim test or methamphetamine challenge in an open-field. After intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of NPS, NPSR1-deficient mice failed to show normal NPS-induced increases in locomotion, anxiolysis, or corticosterone release compared with WT NPS-treated mice. These findings demonstrate that NPSR1 is essential

in mediating NPS effects on behavior. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Previously, it has been shown that infection in humans with the pandemic swine influenza virus induces antibodies with specificity to the stalk domain of the viral hemagglutinin. Following the generation of these data, we sought to recapitulate these findings in the mouse model by sequential influenza virus infection. Mice that were inoculated with a seasonal influenza H1N1 virus followed by infection with a pandemic H1N1 strain produced higher antihemagglutinin stalk antibody titers than mice sequentially infected with drifted seasonal strains. In order to achieve antibody titers of comparable magnitude using sequential infection, mice had to be infected with 100- to 1,000-fold more of the drifted seasonal virus. The antistalk antibodies produced by these infections were influenza virus neutralizing, which illustrates the utility of the mouse model in which to study this interaction between virus and host.

(C) 2008 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“When selleck kinase inhibitor given in a warm environment MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, ecstasy) causes hyperthermia by increasing interscapular brown adipose tissue (iBAT) heat production and decreasing heat loss via cutaneous vasoconstriction. When given in a cold environment, however, MDMA causes hypothermia by an unknown mechanism. This paper addresses these mechanisms and in addition examines whether antagonists at

5-HT1A and D-2 receptors reduce the hypothermic action of MDMA. Male Sprague-Dawley rats instrumented with a Doppler probe for measuring tail blood flow, and probes for measuring core and iBAT temperatures, were placed in a temperature-control Selleck LDK378 led chamber. The chamber temperature was reduced to 10 degrees C and vehicle (0.5 ml Ringer) the 5-HT1A antagonist WAY 100635 (0.5 mg/kg), the D-2 antagonist spiperone (20 mu g/kg),

or the combination of Way 100635 and spiperone were injected s.c. Thirty minutes later the antagonists were injected again along with MDMA (10 mg/kg) or vehicle. MDMA reduced core body temperature by preventing cold-elicited iBAT thermogenesis and by transiently reversing cold-elicited cutaneous vasoconstriction. Pretreatment with WAY 100635 prevented MDMA induced increases in tail blood flow, and briefly attenuated MDMA’s effects on iBAT and core temperature. While spiperone alone failed to affect any of the parameters, the combination of spiperone and WAY 100635 decreased MDMA-mediated hypothermia by attenuating both the effects on tail blood flow and iBAT thermogenesis. MDMA’s prevention of cold-induced iBAT thermogenesis appears to have

a central origin as it rapidly reverses cold-induced increases in iBAT sympathetic nerve discharge in anesthetized PD0325901 ic50 rats. Our results demonstrate that MDMA in a cold environment reduces core body temperature by inhibiting iBAT thermogenesis and tail artery vasoconstriction and suggest that mechanisms by which this occurs include the activation of 5-HT1A and dopamine D-2 receptors. (C) 2008 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Gastrointestinal (GI) abnormalities resulting from spinal cord injury (SCI) are challenging disorders that have not been examined experimentally using clinically relevant models. In this study, female Sprague-Dawley rats (n=5/group x 4: T10-T11 contusion, laminectomy, or naive) were fasted for 24 In before being submitted to dye recovery assays (Phenol Red solution, 1.5 ml/rat; per oral) on GI emptying/transiting at 48 h or 4 weeks postinjury (p.i.). Compared with controls, SCI significantly increased dye recovery rate (DRR, determined by spectrophotometry) in the duodenum (+84.6%) and stomach (+32.6%), but decreased it in the jejunum (-64.1% and -49.5%) and ileum (-73.6% and -70.1%) at 48 In and 4 weeks p.i.

“
“Studies

of human tissue show that many chronic pain syndromes are accompanied by abnormal increases in numbers of peripheral sensory nerve fibers. It is not known if sensory nerve sprouting occurs as a result of inflammation present in these conditions, or other factors such as infection or extensive tissue damage. In the present study, we used Batimastat mw a well established model of inflammation to examine cutaneous innervation density in relation to mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity. Adult female rats were ovariectomized to eliminate fluctuations in female reproductive hormones and one week later, a hind paw was injected with carrageenan or saline vehicle. Behavioral testing showed that saline vehicle injection did not alter thermal or mechanical thresholds compared to pre-injection baselines. Carrageenan injections resulted in markedly reduced paw withdrawal thresholds at 24 and 72 h after injection; this was accompanied by increased mechanical sensitivity of the

contralateral paw at 72 h. Analysis of innervation density using PGP9.5 as a pan-neuronal marker at 72 h showed that inflammation resulted in a 2-fold increase in cutaneous innervation density. We conclude that inflammation alone is sufficient to induce sprouting of sensory cutaneous axon endings leading local tissue hyperinnervation, which may contribute to hypersensitivity XAV-939 chemical structure that occurs in painful inflammatory conditions. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Bone-conducted ultrasound (BCU) modulated https://www.selleck.cn/products/ldc000067.html by speech sound is recognized as speech sound and activates the auditory cortex similar to audible sound. To investigate the mechanisms of perception, the effects of stimulus duration on N1m were compared

among air-conducted audible speech sound (AC speech), AC speech with carrier BCU and speech-modulated BCU in eight native Japanese with normal hearing. The Japanese vowel sound /a/ was used as a stimulus with durations of 10, 15, 20, 30, 40 and 60 ms. Comparison between AC speech with and without carrier showed that the presentation of carrier had no effect on N1m evoked by AC speech. Comparison among the three conditions showed that N1m amplitude for speech-modulated BCU differed from that for the two AC speeches. Moreover, N1m amplitude growth saturated at 40 ms for speech-modulated BCU, and at 20 ms for two AC speeches. These results suggest a difference in temporal integration of N1m between speech-modulated BCU and AC speech. Considering these results, it is reasonable to conclude that N1m evoked by speech-modulated BCU is influenced mainly by the ultrasonic component rather than demodulated audible sound. Given this finding, the notion needs to be considered that the mechanisms underlying perception and recognition of speech-modulated BCU depend on the ultrasonic component to some extent. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Radiochemical purities were always greater than 97% without high-performance liquid chromatography purification. These synthetic approaches hold considerable promise as rapid and simple method for the radiofluorination of folate derivatives with high radiochemical yield in short synthesis time. In vitro tests on KB cell line showed that significant amount of the radioconjugates were associated with cell fractions, and in vivo characterization in normal Balb/c mice revealed rapid blood clearance of these radioconjugates with excretion predominantly by the urinary and partially by the hepatobiliary

systems. Biodistribution studies click here in nude mice bearing human KB cell line xenografts demonstrated significant tumor uptake and favorable biodistribution profile for [(18)F]-2-folate over the other conjugates. The uptake in the tumors was blocked by excess coinjection of folic acid, suggesting a receptor-mediated process. Micro-positron emission tomography images

of nude mice bearing human KB cell line xenografts confirmed these observations. These results demonstrate that [(18)F]-2-folate may be useful as molecular probe for detecting and staging of folate receptor-positive cancers, such as ovarian cancer and their metastasis as well as monitoring tumor response to treatment. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Background Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) cause genital warts and cancers in men. The natural history of HPV infection in men is largely unknown, and that information is needed to inform prevention strategies. The goal in this study was to estimate incidence and clearance of type-specific Rigosertib ic50 genital HPV infection in men, and to assess the associated factors.

Methods Men (aged 18-70 years), residing in Brazil, Mexico, and the USA, who were HIV negative and reported no history of cancer were recruited from the general population, universities, and organised health-care systems. They were assessed every 6 months for a median follow-up of 27.5 months (18.0-31.2). selleckchem Specimens from the coronal sulcus, glans penis, shaft, and scrotum were obtained for the assessment of the status of HPV genotypes.

Findings

In 1159 men, the incidence of a new genital HPV infection was 38.4 per 1000 person months (95% CI 34.3-43-0). Oncogenic HPV infection was significantly associated with having a high number of lifetime female sexual partners (hazard ratio 2-40, 1-38-4-18, for at least 50 partners vs not more than one partner), and number of male anal-sexual partners (2.57, 1.46-4.49, for at least three male partners vs no recent partners). Median duration of HPV infection was 7-52 months (6.80-8.61) for any HPV and 12.19 months (7.16-18.17) for HPV 16. Clearance of oncogenic HPV infection decreased in men with a high number of lifetime female partners (0.49, 0.31-0.76, for at least 50 female partners vs not more than one partner), and in men in Brazil (0.71, 0.56-0.

HVEM cDNA isolated from HT29 cells rendered HSV-resistant cells permissive for infection by the HVEM-restricted virus, suggesting that HT29 cells lack a cofactor for HVEM-mediated infection or express an HVEM-specific click here inhibitory factor. Passaging of HVEM-restricted virus on nectin-1-expressing cells yielded a set of gD missense mutations that each restored functional recognition of nectin-1. These mutations identify residues that likely play a role in shaping the nectin-1 binding site of gD. Our findings illustrate the utility of these receptor-restricted viruses in studying the early events in HSV infection.”
“Many studies have

claimed that hemispheric processing is split precisely at the foveal midline and so place great emphasis on the precise location at which words are fixated. These

claims are based on experiments in which a variety of fixation procedures were used to ensure fixation accuracy but the effectiveness Selleckchem 3-deazaneplanocin A of these procedures is unclear. We investigated this issue using procedures matched to the original studies and an eye-tracker to monitor the locations actually fixated. Four common types of fixation cues were used: cross, two vertical gapped lines, two vertical gapped lines plus a secondary task in which a digit was presented at the designated fixation point, and a dot. Accurate fixations occurred on < 35% of trials for all fixation conditions. Moreover, despite the usefulness

often attributed to a secondary task, no increase in fixation accuracy was produced in this condition. The indications DAPT cost are that split-fovea theory should not assume that fixation of specified locations occurs in experiments without appropriate eye-tracking control or, indeed, that consistent fixation of specified locations is plausible under normal conditions of word recognition. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Wild-type (wt) vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) strains stimulate plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) through Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) and its adaptor molecule, MyD88. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor-derived DC (G-DC), which do not express TLR7, are unresponsive to wt VSV due to inhibition of cellular gene expression by the matrix (M) protein. In contrast to its recombinant wt (rwt) counterpart, an M protein mutant of VSV, rM51R-M virus, stimulates maturation of G-DC independently of MyD88. These results suggest that, as in the case of G-DC, rM51R-M virus may stimulate pDC by mechanisms distinct from that by rwt virus. Studies presented here demonstrate that both rwt and rM51R-M viruses induced maturation of TLR7-positive DC derived by culture in the presence of Flt3L (F-DC), with the subsequent expression of type I interferon (IFN). F-DC are a mixture of myeloid (CD11b(+)) and plasmacytoid (B220(+)) DC, both of which respond to TLR7 ligands.

“
“Traumatic brain injury (TBI) activates several protein kinase signaling pathways in the hippocampus that are critical for hippocampal-dependent memory formation. In particular, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), a protein kinase activated during and necessary for hippocampal-dependent learning, is transiently activated after TBI. However, TBI patients experience hippocampal-dependent cognitive deficits that occur for several months to years after the initial injury. Although

basal activation levels of ERK return to sham levels within hours after TBI, we hypothesized that activation of ERK may be impaired after TBI. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats received either buy PSI-7977 sham surgery or moderate parasagittal fluid-percussion brain injury. At 2, 8, or 12 weeks after surgery, the ipsilateral hippocampi of sham surgery ISRIB datasheet and TBI animals were sectioned into transverse slices. After 2 h of recovery in oxygenated artificial cerebrospinal fluid, the hippocampal slices were stimulated with glutamate or KCl depolarization, then analyzed by western blotting for phosphorylated, activated ERK and one of its downstream effectors, the transcription factor cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB). We found that activation of ERK (p < 0.05) and CREB (p < 0.05) after 30 s of glutamate stimulation or KCl depolarization was decreased in hippocampal slices from animals at 2, 8, or 12 weeks after TBI as

compared to sham animals. Basal levels of phosphorylated or total ERK were not significantly altered at 2, 8, or 12 weeks after TBI, although basal levels of phosphorylated CREB were decreased 12 weeks post-trauma. These results suggest that TBI results in chronic signaling deficits through the ERK-CREB pathway in the hippocampus. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Objective. To investigate whether the health and functioning of the Baby Boom generation are better or

worse than those of previous cohorts in middle age.

Methods. Trend analysis of vital statistics and self-reports from the National Health Interview Survey for the 40-59 population. Specific outcomes (years of data): mortality (1982-2004); poor www.selleck.cn/products/Ispinesib-mesilate(SB-715992).html or fair health (1982-2006); nine conditions (1997-2006); physical functional limitations (1997-2006); and needing help with personal care, routine needs, or either (1997-2006).

Results. In 2005, the mortality rate of 59-year-olds, the leading edge of the Baby Boom, was 31% lower than that of 59-year-olds in 1982 (8.3 vs. 12.1 per 1,000). There was a similar proportional decline in poor/fair health, but the decline reversed in the last decade. From 1997 to 2006, the prevalence of reports of four conditions increased significantly, but this trend may reflect improvements in diagnosis and treatment. Functional limitations and need for help with routine needs were stable, but the need for help with personal care, while quite low, increased.

Discussion. Trends varied by indicator, period, and age.