The recent data indicate a clear difference in the distribution o

The recent data indicate a clear difference in the distribution of CG in the proximal stomach among different ethnic populations, and might explain different disease pathogenesis mechanisms among various ethnic patient groups. Cardiac

glands (CG) in a healthy human consist of primarily mucus cells, scattered parietal cells, a few undifferentiated cells in the neck, and many endocrine cells in the base, but no chief cells.1–3 When the number of parietal cells increases, often in the basal half of gastric mucosa, parietal cells admix with mucus cells to form oxyntocardiac glands. CG show two growth patterns: (i) tubular, similar to gastric pyloric glands; and (ii) compound acinar or racemose, mimicking the duodenal Brunner glands. CG secrete mucus that forms a protective blanket on the gastric surface. At the subcellular level, these mucus cells Lumacaftor concentration are equipped with short microvilli at the apical surface and

secretory granules in the apical cytoplasm, which can be highlighted with periodic acid–Schiff (PAS) reaction for carbohydrates and negative on the alcian Smoothened antagonist blue stain at pH 2.5 or lower, which is similar to the staining pattern of mucus cells elsewhere in the stomach.1,2 Anatomically, CG and oxyntocardiac glands are mainly concentrated around the esophagogastric junction (EGJ) in a narrow zone and also clustered in small numbers at the upper esophagus, and rarely in other parts of the esophagus.2–4 In the distal esophagus, CG might be present underneath the squamous mucosa 上海皓元 and above the muscularis mucosae; these are also known as superficial esophageal CG.4–7 Traditional

teaching holds that the CG, along with oxyntocardiac glands, are congenital and form the cardiac mucosa (CM) in the most proximal part of the stomach, a transition zone of 10–30 mm in length, which abuts proximally with the esophageal squamous mucosa and distally with gastric fundic oxyntic glands.2,4 Recent research results, mainly from the Chandrasoma groups, challenge this doctrine.8–10 They reported that in the EGJ region of unselected adult autopsies, CG were present in only 29% of cases and oxyntocardiac glands in 44%; even in selected autopsies with the entire EGJ examined microscopically, CG were detected in only 44%. Recent autopsy studies further found that the length of the CM was in fact not 10–30 mm, but varied between 1 mm and 4 mm in pediatric patients,8,11 and approximately 5 mm in most adults.8,12 Therefore, CG, regardless of whether or not present in the proximal stomach or in the distal esophagus, are believed to be an acquired metaplastic lesion.10 As such, the CM is no longer considered to be part of the proximal stomach, but the distal esophagus.

The recent data indicate a clear difference in the distribution o

The recent data indicate a clear difference in the distribution of CG in the proximal stomach among different ethnic populations, and might explain different disease pathogenesis mechanisms among various ethnic patient groups. Cardiac

glands (CG) in a healthy human consist of primarily mucus cells, scattered parietal cells, a few undifferentiated cells in the neck, and many endocrine cells in the base, but no chief cells.1–3 When the number of parietal cells increases, often in the basal half of gastric mucosa, parietal cells admix with mucus cells to form oxyntocardiac glands. CG show two growth patterns: (i) tubular, similar to gastric pyloric glands; and (ii) compound acinar or racemose, mimicking the duodenal Brunner glands. CG secrete mucus that forms a protective blanket on the gastric surface. At the subcellular level, these mucus cells Stem Cell Compound Library are equipped with short microvilli at the apical surface and

secretory granules in the apical cytoplasm, which can be highlighted with periodic acid–Schiff (PAS) reaction for carbohydrates and negative on the alcian learn more blue stain at pH 2.5 or lower, which is similar to the staining pattern of mucus cells elsewhere in the stomach.1,2 Anatomically, CG and oxyntocardiac glands are mainly concentrated around the esophagogastric junction (EGJ) in a narrow zone and also clustered in small numbers at the upper esophagus, and rarely in other parts of the esophagus.2–4 In the distal esophagus, CG might be present underneath the squamous mucosa 上海皓元医药股份有限公司 and above the muscularis mucosae; these are also known as superficial esophageal CG.4–7 Traditional

teaching holds that the CG, along with oxyntocardiac glands, are congenital and form the cardiac mucosa (CM) in the most proximal part of the stomach, a transition zone of 10–30 mm in length, which abuts proximally with the esophageal squamous mucosa and distally with gastric fundic oxyntic glands.2,4 Recent research results, mainly from the Chandrasoma groups, challenge this doctrine.8–10 They reported that in the EGJ region of unselected adult autopsies, CG were present in only 29% of cases and oxyntocardiac glands in 44%; even in selected autopsies with the entire EGJ examined microscopically, CG were detected in only 44%. Recent autopsy studies further found that the length of the CM was in fact not 10–30 mm, but varied between 1 mm and 4 mm in pediatric patients,8,11 and approximately 5 mm in most adults.8,12 Therefore, CG, regardless of whether or not present in the proximal stomach or in the distal esophagus, are believed to be an acquired metaplastic lesion.10 As such, the CM is no longer considered to be part of the proximal stomach, but the distal esophagus.

To establish the original recommendations and informative stateme

To establish the original recommendations and informative statements to prevent the development of HCC is a very important issue in Japan. “
“Polymorphisms in the IL28B (interleukin-28B) gene region are important in predicting outcome following therapy for chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. We evaluated the role of IL28B in spontaneous and treatment-induced clearance following recent HCV infection. The Australian Trial in Acute Hepatitis C (ATAHC) was a study of the natural history and treatment of recent HCV, as defined by positive anti-HCV antibody, preceded by either acute clinical HCV infection within the prior 12 months or seroconversion

within the prior 24 months. Factors associated with spontaneous and treatment-induced HCV clearance, including variations in IL28B, were assessed. Among 163 participants, 132 were untreated (n = 52) or had persistent infection (infection duration ≥26 weeks) at treatment initiation (n = 80). Spontaneous Selleck RO4929097 clearance was observed in 23% (30 of 132 participants). In Cox proportional hazards analysis (without IL28B), HCV seroconversion illness with jaundice was the only factor predicting spontaneous clearance Silmitasertib purchase (adjusted hazards ratio = 2.86; 95% confidence interval = 1.24, 6.59; P = 0.014). Among participants with IL28B genotyping (n = 102 of 163 overall and 79 of 132 for

the spontaneous clearance population), rs8099917 TT homozygosity (versus GT/GG) was the only factor independently predicting time to spontaneous clearance (adjusted hazard ratio = 3.78; 95% confidence interval = 1.04, 13.76; P = 0.044). Participants 上海皓元 with seroconversion illness with jaundice were more frequently rs8099917 TT homozygotes than other (GG/GT) genotypes (32% versus 5%, P = 0.047). Among participants adherent to treatment and who had IL28B genotyping (n = 54), sustained virologic response was similar among TT homozygotes (18 of 29 participants, 62%) and those with GG/GT genotype (16 of 25, 64%, P = 0.884). Conclusion: During recent HCV infection, genetic variations in IL28B region were associated

with spontaneous but not treatment-induced clearance. Early therapeutic intervention could be recommended for individuals with unfavorable IL28B genotypes. (HEPATOLOGY 2010;) Following hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, spontaneous viral clearance occurs in 25% of individuals, generally within the initial 6 months.1 Although treatment for acute HCV infection enhances viral clearance,2, 3 delayed commencement may impair response.4 Understanding factors that predict spontaneous and treatment-induced acute HCV clearance would improve clinical decision-making around early therapeutic intervention. Spontaneous HCV clearance is likely dependent on both host-related and pathogen-related factors. However, female sex is the only readily identifiable factor consistently associated with spontaneous clearance in prospective studies of acute HCV infection.

To establish the original recommendations and informative stateme

To establish the original recommendations and informative statements to prevent the development of HCC is a very important issue in Japan. “
“Polymorphisms in the IL28B (interleukin-28B) gene region are important in predicting outcome following therapy for chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. We evaluated the role of IL28B in spontaneous and treatment-induced clearance following recent HCV infection. The Australian Trial in Acute Hepatitis C (ATAHC) was a study of the natural history and treatment of recent HCV, as defined by positive anti-HCV antibody, preceded by either acute clinical HCV infection within the prior 12 months or seroconversion

within the prior 24 months. Factors associated with spontaneous and treatment-induced HCV clearance, including variations in IL28B, were assessed. Among 163 participants, 132 were untreated (n = 52) or had persistent infection (infection duration ≥26 weeks) at treatment initiation (n = 80). Spontaneous JNK inhibitor clearance was observed in 23% (30 of 132 participants). In Cox proportional hazards analysis (without IL28B), HCV seroconversion illness with jaundice was the only factor predicting spontaneous clearance beta-catenin inhibitor (adjusted hazards ratio = 2.86; 95% confidence interval = 1.24, 6.59; P = 0.014). Among participants with IL28B genotyping (n = 102 of 163 overall and 79 of 132 for

the spontaneous clearance population), rs8099917 TT homozygosity (versus GT/GG) was the only factor independently predicting time to spontaneous clearance (adjusted hazard ratio = 3.78; 95% confidence interval = 1.04, 13.76; P = 0.044). Participants MCE公司 with seroconversion illness with jaundice were more frequently rs8099917 TT homozygotes than other (GG/GT) genotypes (32% versus 5%, P = 0.047). Among participants adherent to treatment and who had IL28B genotyping (n = 54), sustained virologic response was similar among TT homozygotes (18 of 29 participants, 62%) and those with GG/GT genotype (16 of 25, 64%, P = 0.884). Conclusion: During recent HCV infection, genetic variations in IL28B region were associated

with spontaneous but not treatment-induced clearance. Early therapeutic intervention could be recommended for individuals with unfavorable IL28B genotypes. (HEPATOLOGY 2010;) Following hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, spontaneous viral clearance occurs in 25% of individuals, generally within the initial 6 months.1 Although treatment for acute HCV infection enhances viral clearance,2, 3 delayed commencement may impair response.4 Understanding factors that predict spontaneous and treatment-induced acute HCV clearance would improve clinical decision-making around early therapeutic intervention. Spontaneous HCV clearance is likely dependent on both host-related and pathogen-related factors. However, female sex is the only readily identifiable factor consistently associated with spontaneous clearance in prospective studies of acute HCV infection.

1 When they looked at their ED records for administered medicatio

1 When they looked at their ED records for administered medications, see more Sheftell et al also reported a link between low recurrence and pain-free response with naratriptan PO.46 Overall, it seems reasonable that a concerted effort should be made to discharge patients from the ED pain free. Parenterally administered dopamine antagonists are not only effective anti-emetics but also can reduce or terminate migraine headache. As a class, however, they frequently cause side effects (including sedation,

akathisia, and dystonia) that can outlast the symptoms of the migraine itself and thereby prolong patients’ functional disability. There is a need to pre-dose patients receiving phenothiazines (especially chlorpromazine) with IV fluid to prevent postural hypotension, as well as with a drug possessing anticholinergic properties to reduce the likelihood of extrapyramidal side effects. Droperidol and haloperidol are not recommended selleck as first-line therapy because of potential QTc prolongation and the consequent need for electrocardiogram monitoring. For a variety of reasons (discussed in some detail earlier in this paper), opiates/opioids generally are not recommended as first-line treatment for migraine. One argument used in support

of using opioids for first-line treatment is that they are quick to administer and act rapidly, such that patients can be discharged in a timely fashion. It remains unclear, however, whether the use of opioids does indeed save time. Coleman et al assessed migraine treatment patterns in 5 linked Canadian EDs.47 Opiates/opioids were

used as first-line MCE公司 treatment for 59.6% of the migraine patients. The odds of receiving an opioid as first-line therapy was increased in patients who took medications prior to ED admission and was decreased in patients who had a longer-lasting headache or a more urgent triage score. Those who received opioids first line spent less total time in the ED (177 minutes vs 237 minutes, P < .001). This contrasts with the findings of Tornabene et al, who found that patients who received opioids spent more time in their ED than patients who did not (160 minutes vs 125 minutes, P = .015), regardless of whether they often sought treatment for headache in the ED.48 Sumatriptan SQ, a relatively migraine-specific medication, is as effective as droperidol and prochlorperazine in providing pain relief. When limited to patients with no contraindications, it is very well tolerated. Adverse events are generally limited to transient chest tightness, shoulder pain, and neck pain, all of which rarely outlast the migraine pain itself and require no treatment to resolve. An argument can be made for the use of fixed drug combinations to treat migraine.

pylori is a major cause of treatment failure To find drugs for H

pylori is a major cause of treatment failure. To find drugs for H.pylori infection treatment from traditional Chinese medicine has been a hot issue. We selected some traditional Chinese Medicine which may have antimicrobial activity on H.pylori, and evaluated the antimicrobial activity of these drugs in vitro. Methods: Eleven clinical antibiotic resistant strains and two standard strains were selected. The agar dilution method

was used to measurement the micro inhibitory concentration (MIC) of different herbal extracts on H.pylori standard strains and clinical isolates in vitro, including skullcap, dahurian Patrinia herb, Rhizoma Corydalis, Gao Fang, Tian Fang, rhubarb and Coptis chinensis. Calculate MIC50 and MIC90 of different traditional Chinese medicine extracts on H.pylori clinical Selleck Alectinib isolates. Results: The MIC50 and MIC90 of traditional Chinese medicine extracts on H.pylori clinical isolates were as follows respectively: rhubarb 32 µg/ml and 6 µg/ml, Coptis 32 µg/ml and 64 µg/ml, Scutellaria 128 µg/ml and 256 µg/ml, Gao Fang 128 µg/ml and 256 µg/ml, Herba patriniae 512 µg/ml and 512 µg/ml, Rhizoma Corydalis 512 µg/ml and 512 µg/ml, Tian Fang 512 µg/ml

and 512 µg/ml. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that learn more the extracts of rhubarb and Coptis had obvious antibacterial activity, and Scutellaria baicalensis and Gao Fang had lower antibacterial activity, on H.pylori clinical antibiotic resistant isolates in vitro; Patrinia, rhizoma corydalis and Tian Fang had no antibacterial activity on H.pylori clinical strains in vitro. Key Word(s): 1. H.pylori; 2. Chinese medicine; 3. Antibacterial; 4. Drug resistance; Presenting Author: PROF MOOL RAJRAJ KOTWAL Additional Authors: DR CHEWANGZANGMO RINCHEN, HSIN-LI SONY LIU Corresponding Author: PROF MOOL RAJRAJ KOTWAL Objective: M.R. Kotwal 1, 2, CZ Rinchen 2. Hsin-Li Sony Liu, RN, MSN.3. Department of Home 1 & Health 2. Shunyata, Tibet Road Sikkim India. Nursing Department College of nursing, central Taiwan University of science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan. 3. Introduction: We live in an era of constant information and almost infinite possibilities.

medchemexpress Multitasking leaves us stressed. Daily meditation physically transforms the cerebral cortex. The most unexpected and comforting recent research confirm that the human brain retains an astonishing degree of plasticity and capacity for learning throughout life. Our mental performance, despite a few glitches with short-term memory, does not peak until mid life, when the white matter in the loftiest parts of the brain is thickest Methods: AIM & Methods: To evaluate efficacy of a self-learning de-stressing technique Swasthya Sukh Satyam Shivam Sundram in randomly assigned 60 students a meditation group from 114 students practiced meditation for 12 weeks and rest formed control group. Scientific technique is from ancient times.

pylori is a major cause of treatment failure To find drugs for H

pylori is a major cause of treatment failure. To find drugs for H.pylori infection treatment from traditional Chinese medicine has been a hot issue. We selected some traditional Chinese Medicine which may have antimicrobial activity on H.pylori, and evaluated the antimicrobial activity of these drugs in vitro. Methods: Eleven clinical antibiotic resistant strains and two standard strains were selected. The agar dilution method

was used to measurement the micro inhibitory concentration (MIC) of different herbal extracts on H.pylori standard strains and clinical isolates in vitro, including skullcap, dahurian Patrinia herb, Rhizoma Corydalis, Gao Fang, Tian Fang, rhubarb and Coptis chinensis. Calculate MIC50 and MIC90 of different traditional Chinese medicine extracts on H.pylori clinical Belinostat isolates. Results: The MIC50 and MIC90 of traditional Chinese medicine extracts on H.pylori clinical isolates were as follows respectively: rhubarb 32 µg/ml and 6 µg/ml, Coptis 32 µg/ml and 64 µg/ml, Scutellaria 128 µg/ml and 256 µg/ml, Gao Fang 128 µg/ml and 256 µg/ml, Herba patriniae 512 µg/ml and 512 µg/ml, Rhizoma Corydalis 512 µg/ml and 512 µg/ml, Tian Fang 512 µg/ml

and 512 µg/ml. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that PF-01367338 datasheet the extracts of rhubarb and Coptis had obvious antibacterial activity, and Scutellaria baicalensis and Gao Fang had lower antibacterial activity, on H.pylori clinical antibiotic resistant isolates in vitro; Patrinia, rhizoma corydalis and Tian Fang had no antibacterial activity on H.pylori clinical strains in vitro. Key Word(s): 1. H.pylori; 2. Chinese medicine; 3. Antibacterial; 4. Drug resistance; Presenting Author: PROF MOOL RAJRAJ KOTWAL Additional Authors: DR CHEWANGZANGMO RINCHEN, HSIN-LI SONY LIU Corresponding Author: PROF MOOL RAJRAJ KOTWAL Objective: M.R. Kotwal 1, 2, CZ Rinchen 2. Hsin-Li Sony Liu, RN, MSN.3. Department of Home 1 & Health 2. Shunyata, Tibet Road Sikkim India. Nursing Department College of nursing, central Taiwan University of science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan. 3. Introduction: We live in an era of constant information and almost infinite possibilities.

MCE Multitasking leaves us stressed. Daily meditation physically transforms the cerebral cortex. The most unexpected and comforting recent research confirm that the human brain retains an astonishing degree of plasticity and capacity for learning throughout life. Our mental performance, despite a few glitches with short-term memory, does not peak until mid life, when the white matter in the loftiest parts of the brain is thickest Methods: AIM & Methods: To evaluate efficacy of a self-learning de-stressing technique Swasthya Sukh Satyam Shivam Sundram in randomly assigned 60 students a meditation group from 114 students practiced meditation for 12 weeks and rest formed control group. Scientific technique is from ancient times.

The IL-28B genotype and hepatic ISG mRNA levels were analyzed to

The IL-28B genotype and hepatic ISG mRNA levels were analyzed to clarify click here their association, focusing on the progression of liver fibrosis. Fifty patients were identified as having major alleles (rs8099917 TT) and the remaining 24 patients had minor alleles (rs8099917 TG or GG). Hepatic ISG15 expression was lower in the IL-28B major group than that in the IL-28B minor group (P < 0.005). IP-10 expression was similar between the IL-28B major and minor groups (P = 0.44). IP-10 expression was elevated with advancing stages of liver fibrosis in HCV infected patients (P = 0.005).

In patients with mild or no fibrosis, the IL-28B major group had lower IP-10 expression than the IL-28B minor group (P = 0.02). However, in patients with advanced fibrosis, IP-10 expression was not different between the IL-28B major and minor groups (P = 0.66). Hepatic ISG15 expression is associated with IL-28B polymorphisms, while IP-10 is strongly affected by liver fibrosis. “
“Understanding the immunological correlates associated with protective immunity following hepatitis C virus (HCV) reexposure is a prerequisite for the design of effective HCV vaccines and immunotherapeutics. In this study we performed a comprehensive analysis of innate and adaptive immunity following HCV reexposure of two chimpanzees that had previously recovered Peptide 17 nmr from HCV-JFH1 infection. One

of the chimpanzees, CH10274, became protected from active viremia by repeated challenges with homologous HCV-JFH1 and developed neutralizing antibodies, but was later infected with high-level viremia by a heterologous challenge with the HCV H77 virus that persisted for more than 1 year. The other chimpanzee, CH10273,

was protected from a similar, heterologous H77 challenge without any evidence of neutralizing antibodies. Peripheral HCV-specific T-cell responses were present in both chimpanzees after challenges and, interestingly, the overall magnitude of response was lower in uninfected CH10273, which, however, exhibited a more robust CD8+ T-cell response. CH10273 showed higher hepatic expression of CD8 and CD56 (natural killer) markers than CH10274 did shortly after inoculation with H77. The heightened T-cell response was associated with an enhanced hepatic production of interferons (both type I and II) and interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) in CH10273. Therefore, medchemexpress protection or clearance of HCV reinfection upon heterologous rechallenge depends on the activation of both intrahepatic innate and cellular immune responses. Furthermore, our results suggest that serum neutralizing antibodies may contribute to early control of viral replication and spread after homologous HCV rechallenges but may not be sufficient for a long-term protective immunity. Conclusion: Our study shows that protective immunity against HCV reinfection is orchestrated by a complex network of innate and adaptive immune responses.

65,66 The therapeutic endpoints for chronic hepatitis B treatment

65,66 The therapeutic endpoints for chronic hepatitis B treatment include Wnt inhibitor sustained suppression of HBV replication to below the detection limit of real-time PCR assays, biochemical remission, histological improvement, HBeAg loss or HBeAg seroconversion for HBeAg-positive patients, and ideally HBsAg loss and HBsAg seroconversion.6–8 Currently, two types of therapy are recommended: standard or pegylated interferon alpha (IFN-α) and five nucleos(t)ide analogues, including lamivudine, telbivudine, entecavir, adefovir dipivoxil and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate.6–8 Although HBV genotyping before anti-viral therapy is not recommended by current guidelines from three regional liver associations,

the American Crizotinib Association for the Study of Liver Disease (AASLD),6 the European Association for the Study of Liver (EASL),8 and Asian Pacific Association for the study of liver (APASL),7 the impact of HBV genotype on therapeutic response to both interferon-based and nucleos(t)ide analogues has been increasingly recognized.67,68 In HBeAg-positive patients treated with standard IFN-α, the sustained response rate, defined as normalization of serum ALT level and HBeAg seroconversion post-treatment, is significantly

better in genotype A and B patients than for genotype C and D.51,69–71 For HBeAg-positive Asian populations, HBV genotype B patients are more susceptible to IFN-based therapy, regardless of pegylated or standard type IFN products, whereas genotype C patients have a higher likelihood of response to pegylated IFN-α

compared to standard IFN-α.72,73 Recently, Zhao et al. assessed the efficacy of low-dose, 24-week standard IFN-α or pegylated IFN-α treatment as well as factors predicting sustained response in Chinese patients with HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B.74 They found that HBV genotype B infection and younger 上海皓元医药股份有限公司 age were independent factors associated with sustained response, suggesting low-dose IFN regimen may be cost effective for the treatment of younger patients with genotype B infection. Another multi-center study on pegylated IFN-α for HBeAg-positive patients revealed that the rate of HBeAg clearance also differed according to HBV genotypes: genotype A, 47%; genotype B, 44%; genotype C, 28%; and genotype D, 25%.75 Subsequent analysis consistently demonstrated a higher rate of HBsAg clearance in genotype A compared to other genotypes in both HBeAg-positive and HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B.76 In addition, compared to genotype C and D patients, durable loss of HBeAg at 3 years after pegylated IFN-α treatment was higher in genotype A and B patients.77 Among HBeAg-negative patients treated with pegylated IFN-α, a long-term follow-up study also showed that HBsAg clearance was significantly higher in genotype A (20%) than genotype B (6%), genotype C (9%), and genotype D (6%).

65,66 The therapeutic endpoints for chronic hepatitis B treatment

65,66 The therapeutic endpoints for chronic hepatitis B treatment include MK0683 sustained suppression of HBV replication to below the detection limit of real-time PCR assays, biochemical remission, histological improvement, HBeAg loss or HBeAg seroconversion for HBeAg-positive patients, and ideally HBsAg loss and HBsAg seroconversion.6–8 Currently, two types of therapy are recommended: standard or pegylated interferon alpha (IFN-α) and five nucleos(t)ide analogues, including lamivudine, telbivudine, entecavir, adefovir dipivoxil and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate.6–8 Although HBV genotyping before anti-viral therapy is not recommended by current guidelines from three regional liver associations,

the American Copanlisib Association for the Study of Liver Disease (AASLD),6 the European Association for the Study of Liver (EASL),8 and Asian Pacific Association for the study of liver (APASL),7 the impact of HBV genotype on therapeutic response to both interferon-based and nucleos(t)ide analogues has been increasingly recognized.67,68 In HBeAg-positive patients treated with standard IFN-α, the sustained response rate, defined as normalization of serum ALT level and HBeAg seroconversion post-treatment, is significantly

better in genotype A and B patients than for genotype C and D.51,69–71 For HBeAg-positive Asian populations, HBV genotype B patients are more susceptible to IFN-based therapy, regardless of pegylated or standard type IFN products, whereas genotype C patients have a higher likelihood of response to pegylated IFN-α

compared to standard IFN-α.72,73 Recently, Zhao et al. assessed the efficacy of low-dose, 24-week standard IFN-α or pegylated IFN-α treatment as well as factors predicting sustained response in Chinese patients with HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B.74 They found that HBV genotype B infection and younger 上海皓元 age were independent factors associated with sustained response, suggesting low-dose IFN regimen may be cost effective for the treatment of younger patients with genotype B infection. Another multi-center study on pegylated IFN-α for HBeAg-positive patients revealed that the rate of HBeAg clearance also differed according to HBV genotypes: genotype A, 47%; genotype B, 44%; genotype C, 28%; and genotype D, 25%.75 Subsequent analysis consistently demonstrated a higher rate of HBsAg clearance in genotype A compared to other genotypes in both HBeAg-positive and HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B.76 In addition, compared to genotype C and D patients, durable loss of HBeAg at 3 years after pegylated IFN-α treatment was higher in genotype A and B patients.77 Among HBeAg-negative patients treated with pegylated IFN-α, a long-term follow-up study also showed that HBsAg clearance was significantly higher in genotype A (20%) than genotype B (6%), genotype C (9%), and genotype D (6%).