3 per 1000 person-years, with almost half of those who developed

3 per 1000 person-years, with almost half of those who developed renal stones having eGFR <60 at the time of ATV initiation [34]. The nephrotoxic potential

of both TDF and ATV is low in patients with normal renal function. However, in patients with CKD and impaired renal function (eGFR <75 mL/min/1.73m2), alternative ARVs should be considered. In patients undergoing renal transplantation, PIs give rise to challenging DDIs with calcineurin inhibitors (http://www.hiv-druginteractions.org). Post-transplantation, acute allograft rejection and impaired renal function are common [35]. We suggest TDF and ATV are avoided in patients who are waiting or who have undergone, renal transplantation, and that specialist advice is sought regarding PTC124 molecular weight choice and appropriate dose of ARVs. NNRTIs, DZNeP mw INIs, ABC and 3TC have not been associated with CKD and can be used in HIV-positive patients with CKD. In patients with impaired renal function, specific ARV drugs (all NRTIs except ABC) may need to be dose-adjusted [36]. Impaired survival has been reported with ART prescription errors in patients undergoing dialysis [37]. We recommend dose adjustment of renally cleared ARVs in patients with renal failure but caution against the risk of overinterpreting estimates of renal function for this purpose as true measures of renal function may be substantially higher in patients with mild–moderate renal impairment. Specific

ARVs that require dose adjustment in patients with reduced renal function include 3TC, FTC, TDF, DDI, ZDV and MVC (depending on PI use). For further information and advice, the reader should refer to the summary of product characteristics for each ARV. CVD is a leading cause of non-AIDS Urease morbidity and mortality among HIV-positive individuals [1, 2] and an increased risk of CVD events has been observed when compared with HIV-negative populations [3-8]. This has been attributed to the increased prevalence of surrogate markers of CVD (such as dyslipidaemia) and the proinflammatory

state associated with HIV infection. However, because ART may not mitigate (or indeed may exacerbate) these effects, caution is required in extrapolating from these makers to effects on overall mortality. The following recommendations apply to patients with, or at high risk, of CVD. For the purposes of these guidelines, patients with an elevated CVD risk are as defined in the JBS2 guidelines [9] and include: People with any form of established atherosclerotic CVD. Asymptomatic people who have an estimated multifactorial CVD risk >20% over 10 years. People with diabetes mellitus (type 1 or 2). People with elevated blood pressure >160 mmHg systolic or >100 mmHg diastolic, or lesser degrees of blood pressure elevation with target organ damage. People with elevated total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio >6.0. People with familial dyslipidaemia. NICE does not recommend a specific CVD risk calculation for the UK population [10].

, 2011) The fast signal depends, at least

, 2011). The fast signal depends, at least Etoposide mw partially, on spiking activity, as tetrodoxin (TTX) dampens the oscillations (Welsh et al., 2010). A surprising datum of Hong et al. (in press) is that TTX induced oscillations in some cells

that were formerly silent. This suggests that some spike-dependent inhibitory influence is removed by TTX, a problem for further investigation. What is also not yet clear is the mechanistic basis for the slow spread of signal from one region to the next. Hong et al. (in press) implicate a calcium wave and future work will show whether calcium is a primary player, or perhaps it shares the spotlight with other ions or small molecules mediating slow signal spread. “
“Placebos have been found to affect a number of pathological processes and physiological functions through

selleck expectations of clinical improvement. Recently, the study of the placebo effect has moved from the clinical to the physical performance setting, wherein placebos can boost performance by increasing muscle work and by decreasing perceived exertion. However, nothing is known about the neurobiological underpinnings of this phenomenon. Here we show for the first time that a placebo, which subjects believed to be endurance-increasing caffeine, reduces fatigue by acting at the central level on the preparatory phase of movement. In fact, we recorded the readiness potential, which is the expression of the preparatory phase of movement at the level of the supplementary motor area, during repeated flexions of the index finger in a control group that did not receive any treatment and in a placebo group that received placebo caffeine. In the control group, as the number of flexions increased, both fatigue and readiness potential amplitude increased. By contrast, in the placebo group, as the number of flexions increased we found a decrease in perceived exertion along with no increase in readiness potential amplitude. This placebo-induced modulation of the readiness potential suggests that placebos reduce fatigue by acting centrally during the anticipatory phase of movement, thus emphasizing only the important

role of the central nervous system in the generation of fatigue. “
“The amplitudes of auditory evoked N1 m responses are known to depend on the length of the pre-stimulus silent interval. However, it remains unknown whether pre-penultimate silent intervals affect the auditory evoked responses elicited by test stimuli. In the present study, we investigated the N1 m responses elicited by a train of four successive tones with a silent interval of 1 s subsequent to that with a 0.25-, 0.5-, 2- or 4-s silent interval using magnetoencephalography. The results obtained demonstrated that the N1 m source strength decreased as the pre-penultimate silent interval became shorter. A history of silences had a significant impact on the N1 m source strength.

02) Crockett et al[27] reported that only two of seven (29%) re

02). Crockett et al.[27] reported that only two of seven (29%) referred participants took up referral among participants who were screened for osteoporosis with questionnaire only, and three

out of 22 (14%) referred participants took up referral among those screened with both questionnaires and BMD measurements. Overall, five of the eight studies that reported referral uptake, reported rates of less than 50%. Thirteen studies (26%) reported findings about the effect of screening on the participants’ awareness of the target diseases. Where reported, screening seemed to improve participants’ awareness of diseases and many participants reported changes in lifestyle or behaviour. For example, Law and Inhibitor Library Shapiro[61] found that there was a 26% increase in participants’ osteoporosis awareness after the screening and awareness programme. Also, Giles et al.[71] found that the intervention provided by pharmacists (based on American Cancer Society (ACS) guidelines) increased women’s adherence to ACS guidelines for monthly

breast self-examination from 31% to 56%. By contrast, in another osteoporosis screening intervention, Yuksel et al.[45] reported that the intervention group (tailored osteoporosis education, and quantitative heel ultrasound (QUS) measurements) did not score significantly higher than the control group (printed information on osteoporosis only) in an osteoporosis-related Epacadostat price knowledge test (intervention group scored 57% compared to 54% in control group). However, more people in the intervention group reported an osteoporosis-specific appointment with their primary care doctor. One study[68] compared the cost-effectiveness of two pharmacy-based screening interventions for diabetes (the TTO and SS methods)

in Australia. The total cost of pharmacy screening using TTO was lower than the SS method (AUD 7.76 versus AUD11.83). However, when the cost of subsequent screening and diagnostic tests performed by the general practitioner (GP) were included, the average cost per diabetes case detected was much higher in the TTO group (AUD 6241 versus AUD 788). A Thai study[47] compared the cost of diabetes and hypertension screening Casein kinase 1 provided in community pharmacies (n = 2 pharmacies) to screening provided on footpaths and streets in seven different communities under the supervision of a primary care unit. The unit cost for community pharmacy screening was higher (US$9.80) than ‘community-based’ screening (US$3.80). Eight other studies[46, 50, 55, 59, 62, 64-66] reported other economic information including: costs associated with providing screening; willingness to pay for screening; and fees charged for screening. Eighteen of the included studies (36%) reported outcomes on participant satisfaction and/or perceptions of the screening interventions provided by pharmacists.

To reveal causal connections between brain regions that are speci

To reveal causal connections between brain regions that are specifically modulated by task complexity, we contrasted the performance of right-handed sequential finger movements of different

complexities (simple, scale, complex) that were either pre-learned (memorized) or novel instructed. A complexity-dependent increase in information flow from mesial frontocentral to the left motor cortex and, less pronounced, also to the right motor cortex specifically in the upper alpha range was found. Effective coupling during sequences of high complexity was larger for memorized sequences compared with novel sequences (P = 0.0037). These findings further support the role of mesial frontocentral areas in directing the primary motor cortex in the process Selleck Rapamycin of orchestrating complex movements and in particular learned sequences. “
“Neural stem cells (NSCs) have attracted major research interest due to their potential use in cell replacement therapy. In patients, human cells are the preferred choice, one source of human NSCs being the brain of fetuses.

The aims of the present study were to explore the long-term differentiation, mobility and viability of NSCs derived from the human fetal striatum in response to intracerebral implantation. To investigate long-term spatio-temporal and functional dynamics of grafts in vivo by magnetic resonance imaging, these cells were labeled with superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles prior to implantation. SPIO-labeling of human NSCs left the quantitative profile of the proliferation, cell composition and differentiation

capacity of the cells in vitro unaltered. Also after transplantation, check details the phenotypes after long-term cell differentiation were not significantly different from naïve cells. Upon transplantation, we detected a hypointensity corresponding to the striatal graft location in all animals and persisting for at least 4 months. The hypointense signal appeared visually similar both in location and in volume over time. However, quantitative BCKDHB volumetric analysis showed that the detectable, apparent graft volume decreased significantly from 3 to 16 weeks. Finally, the human NSCs were not proliferating after implantation, indicating lack of tumor formation. These cells are thus a promising candidate for translationally relevant investigations for stem cell-based regenerative therapies. “
“Ghrelin, a hormone produced by the stomach, is generally associated with feeding responses and the regulation of food intake. Recent evidence, however, suggests that ghrelin is also a stress hormone, given that it is released following acute and chronic stressors. The present study examined the role of ghrelin in producing normal metabolic and neurochemical responses to chronic stress. This was achieved by examining these responses in mice with targeted deletions of the ghrelin receptor gene (GHSR KO mice), and comparing them with the same responses in their wild-type (WT) littermates.

6% occurred between 6 and 12 months and 29% after

6% occurred between 6 and 12 months and 2.9% after www.selleckchem.com/PARP.html 12 months. Among seroconverting patients who initiated HAART after enrolling into care, the median

time to seroconversion of the seronegative partner was 73 days after initiating therapy. Patients in relationships that seroconverted within 6 months of enrolling into care had significantly higher PVLs than patients in discordant relationships (178 251 vs. 88 456 copies/mL) (P=0.001). Patients in relationships that seroconverted within 6 months of enrolment were less likely to use condoms with their primary partners than patients in discordant relationships (41.8%vs. 50.9%) (P=0.047). Similar to the patients in relationships that seroconverted within 6 months of enrolment, patients in relationships that seroconverted between 6 and 12 months after enrolment had significantly higher PVLs than patients in discordant relationships (125 865 vs. 115 858 copies/mL) (P=0.035). Patients in relationships that seroconverted between 6 and 12 months after enrolment were diagnosed more often with genital Herpes simplex than patients in discordant relationships

(46.2%vs. 3.6%) (P=0.001). Among patients in discordant relationships, one patient developed syphilis and another patient developed vaginal candidiasis between 6 and 12 months. Patients in relationships that seroconverted between 6 and 12 months after enrolment reported less condom Sclareol use with their primary partners than patients in discordant relationships (61.5%vs. 74.9%) (P=0.035). More patients in relationships Panobinostat that seroconverted between

6 and 12 months after enrolment reported alcohol consumption than patients in discordant relationships (30.8%vs. 7.2%) (P=0.044). Table 3 summarizes the baseline demographic, behavioural and clinical correlates associated with seroconversion. In the univariate logistic regression, HIV-infected patients with a PVL >100 000 were 1.82 times more likely to transmit (95% CI: 1.1–2.8), HIV-infected patients who did not disclose their HIV status were 5.5 times more likely to transmit (95% CI: 4.3–6.2) and HIV-infected patients who did not use condoms were 2.8 times more likely to transmit (95% CI: 2.4–3.6) infection. These factors remained significant in the multivariate logistic regression analyses. The current study documents a substantial risk for heterosexual HIV transmission within South Indian discordant couples, and identifies several preventable behavioural and biological factors associated with HIV transmission. Patients who had not initiated HAART were more likely to transmit the virus to their partners. Men were more likely to transmit HIV to their wives, which reflects the continued risk of HIV transmission to married women [2].

6% occurred between 6 and 12 months and 29% after

6% occurred between 6 and 12 months and 2.9% after E7080 mw 12 months. Among seroconverting patients who initiated HAART after enrolling into care, the median

time to seroconversion of the seronegative partner was 73 days after initiating therapy. Patients in relationships that seroconverted within 6 months of enrolling into care had significantly higher PVLs than patients in discordant relationships (178 251 vs. 88 456 copies/mL) (P=0.001). Patients in relationships that seroconverted within 6 months of enrolment were less likely to use condoms with their primary partners than patients in discordant relationships (41.8%vs. 50.9%) (P=0.047). Similar to the patients in relationships that seroconverted within 6 months of enrolment, patients in relationships that seroconverted between 6 and 12 months after enrolment had significantly higher PVLs than patients in discordant relationships (125 865 vs. 115 858 copies/mL) (P=0.035). Patients in relationships that seroconverted between 6 and 12 months after enrolment were diagnosed more often with genital Herpes simplex than patients in discordant relationships

(46.2%vs. 3.6%) (P=0.001). Among patients in discordant relationships, one patient developed syphilis and another patient developed vaginal candidiasis between 6 and 12 months. Patients in relationships that seroconverted between 6 and 12 months after enrolment reported less condom Phosphoprotein phosphatase use with their primary partners than patients in discordant relationships (61.5%vs. 74.9%) (P=0.035). More patients in relationships Obeticholic Acid concentration that seroconverted between

6 and 12 months after enrolment reported alcohol consumption than patients in discordant relationships (30.8%vs. 7.2%) (P=0.044). Table 3 summarizes the baseline demographic, behavioural and clinical correlates associated with seroconversion. In the univariate logistic regression, HIV-infected patients with a PVL >100 000 were 1.82 times more likely to transmit (95% CI: 1.1–2.8), HIV-infected patients who did not disclose their HIV status were 5.5 times more likely to transmit (95% CI: 4.3–6.2) and HIV-infected patients who did not use condoms were 2.8 times more likely to transmit (95% CI: 2.4–3.6) infection. These factors remained significant in the multivariate logistic regression analyses. The current study documents a substantial risk for heterosexual HIV transmission within South Indian discordant couples, and identifies several preventable behavioural and biological factors associated with HIV transmission. Patients who had not initiated HAART were more likely to transmit the virus to their partners. Men were more likely to transmit HIV to their wives, which reflects the continued risk of HIV transmission to married women [2].

[22, 30] In this

[22, 30] In this Bcl-2 inhibitor study we have demonstrated that women requesting EC from a pharmacy meet the NSTIS criteria of being a high-risk sub-population and should therefore be given a chlamydia test. An Australian study conducted in 2007 found that almost 80% of 25 community pharmacists and 50 young females surveyed would support a pharmacy-based chlamydia screening programme.[32] Yet there is no mechanism in place for pharmacists to request a chlamydia test under the current health system structure in Australia. Further research needs to be conducted to develop sustainable approaches that would allow pharmacists to offer a chlamydia test this cohort of

high-risk women. The infrastructure by which pharmacists would request a chlamydia pathology test, chlamydia test results would be distributed and any chlamydia-positive consumers would access treatment need to be determined. Almost all the women requesting EC from a community pharmacy were between 16 and 29 years of age and had inconsistent barrier contraception, placing them at high risk of chlamydia. While pharmacy provides a timely and accessible route for obtaining EC, it can prevent women from getting a chlamydia test and an STI risk assessment, thus unwittingly selleck screening library putting them at higher risk of carrying an STI undetected. This gap in sexual health

provision exposes an urgent need to re-orientate current sexual health services so that all EC consumers – including those obtaining EC from pharmacies P-type ATPase – have the opportunity to be tested for chlamydia. In England, community pharmacies have successfully implemented chlamydia screening, providing a convenient and easily accessible venue to young

people. We are in a unique position in Australia to be able to learn from overseas experience to determine the most effective approach to test pharmacy-based EC consumers for chlamydia. The Author(s) declare(s) that they have no conflicts of interest to disclose. Part of the study that investigated risk factors in rural, regional and remote Western Australia was funded by the Small Project Funding Scheme as a component of Rural Pharmacy Workforce Program, which was part of the Fourth Pharmacy Agreement, and managed by the Pharmacy Guild of Australia. We thank Miss Sanjani Wijesinghe for here contribution is developing the survey and data collection in Perth metropolitan region. Sajni Gudka, Kim Watkins and Atefeh Eshghabadi conceptualized, designed and conducted the research under the supervision of Rhonda Clifford and Alan Everett. Sajni Gudka and Aline Bourdin analysed and interpreted the data. Sajni Gudka wrote the manuscript under the supervision of Rhonda Clifford and Alan Everett. All authors had complete access to the study data. They reviewed and commented on drafts of the manuscript written by Sajni Gudka.

g 10 °C or lower) This study was supported by a grant from the

g. 10 °C or lower). This study was supported by a grant from the MEST (Ministry of Education, Science and Technology)/NRF to the Environmental Biotechnology National Core Research Center (Grant #20090091 489). This study was also supported by HIF inhibitor an NRF grant funded by the MEST (Grant #2009-0070747). M.H.C was supported by EBNCRC. J.X and X.P.Z were supported by graduate scholarships through the BK21 program funded by the MEST, Korea. The authors express sincere thanks to Prof. Jun Zhu at the Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, for the kind donation of plasmids and his valuable

suggestions. “
“Copper (Cu)-based biocides are important chemical controls for both fungal and bacterial

diseases in crop fields. Here, we showed that Cu ions at a concentration of 100 μM enhanced t-butyl hydroperoxide (tBOOH) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) killing of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris through different mechanisms. The addition of an antilipid peroxidation agent (α-tocopherol) and hydroxyl radical scavengers (glycerol and dimethyl sulphoxide) partially protected the bacteria from the Cu-enhanced tBOOH and H2O2 killing, respectively. Inactivation of the alkyl hydroperoxide reductase gene rendered the 5-Fluoracil manufacturer mutant vulnerable to lethal doses of copper sulphate, which could be alleviated by the addition of an H2O2 scavenger (pyruvate) and α-tocopherol. Taken together, the data suggest that Cu ions influence the killing effect Selleck Abiraterone of tBOOH through the stimulation of lipid peroxidation, while hydroxyl radical production is the underlying mechanism responsible for the Cu-ion-enhanced H2O2 killing effects. Xanthomonas campestris is an important

phytopathogen that causes damaging diseases in economically important crops worldwide. During plant–microorganism interactions, the rapid production and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is an initial defence response against the infecting microorganisms (Levine et al., 1994). Plant lipoxygenases that catalyse the formation of fatty acid hydroperoxide have been shown to be induced by microbial invasion and are involved in plant–microbial defence responses (Croft et al., 1993; Kolomiets et al., 2000; Jalloul et al., 2002). These ROS are highly toxic and exert detrimental effects on the invading microorganisms through their ability to stimulate lipid peroxidation and protein and DNA damage that eventually lead to cell death (Farr & Kogoma, 1991). Copper (Cu) is required as a cofactor for a variety of enzymes, such as terminal oxidases, monooxygenases, and dioxygenases. An excess of Cu in aerobic cells generates ROS through a Fenton-like reaction, in which Cu (I) ions react with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to form hydroxyl radicals (Gunther et al., 1995). Nonetheless, the precise mechanisms by which Cu ions exert lethal effects on bacterial cells remain ambiguous.

Rates of participating in screening varied widely (21%[41] to 74%

Rates of participating in screening varied widely (21%[41] to 74%[25]). We found some evidence that screening interventions that were immediately available attracted more participants than those offered at limited

times. Interventions requiring more invasive IGF-1R inhibitor screening tests (e.g. capillary blood glucose measurements) also attracted fewer participants. These findings concur with those reported in the review by Jepson et al.,[4] and suggest that providing flexible screening interventions requiring less-invasive tests is likely to encourage more people to participate. Where screening was aimed at both genders, 30 of the 33 studies reporting the male : female ratio of participants recruited a higher proportion of women.[23-52] The reasons for this are not fully understood but may be related to the fact that some men are reluctant to seek medical help.[80] Screening interventions mostly target apparently healthy people and it may be difficult to convince men of the benefits of participating in screening. This underlines the importance of finding ways to engage men in

more active preventive health care. The majority of the studies included in this review used screening tools that are used in GSI-IX other primary care settings such as those used by medical and nursing staff for spirometry, BMD measurements and cholesterol testing. Similarly, questionnaires were usually based on existing instruments such as the five-item COPD screening questionnaire based on criteria of the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease[25] and the Zung Self-rating Depression Scale.[34] However, evidence about the accuracy of these interventions being used in selleck community pharmacies by pharmacists was limited. Only five papers included in this review reported accuracy-related outcomes for screening tools; two each for diabetes and lung function,

and one for knee osteoarthritis. The limited findings reported in these studies suggest that the pharmacy-based screening tests used were reasonably accurate, but more studies are needed to compare these with screening tests performed by other providers, and to evaluate sensitivity and specificity of screening tests, as provided by pharmacy staff. Such comparative studies should also consider the relative cost-effectiveness of pharmacy-based screening with screening performed by other providers. Our review found little evidence of this type; only one study was found which compared the cost of screening performed in community pharmacies to that performed in another location.[47] Of the few studies that measured the extent to which screening participants followed pharmacist advice, most reported that less than 50% of screening participants who were advised to seek further help from another health professional, went on to do so.

Given the universal use of CD4 and viral load for the assessment

Given the universal use of CD4 and viral load for the assessment of ART effectiveness in clinical trials, our unexpected findings are of concern. Further analyses of independent trials are critically needed to evaluate the utility of prognostic laboratory markers to compare regimens, especially in resource-limited settings with high background

Navitoclax clinical trial morbidity and where, following the public health approach to ART provision [2] and given limited formularies, first-line ART is often continued to clinical rather than immunological or virological failure. We thank all the participants and staff from all the centres participating in the NORA and DART trial. MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda: H. Grosskurth, P. Munderi, G. Kabuye, D. Nsibambi, R. Kasirye, E. Zalwango, M. Nakazibwe, B. Kikaire, G. Nassuna, R. Massa, K. Fadhiru, M. Namyalo, A. EX 527 supplier Zalwango, L. Generous, P. Khauka, N. Rutikarayo,

W. Nakahima, A. Mugisha, J. Todd, J. Levin, S. Muyingo, A. Ruberantwari, P. Kaleebu, D. Yirrell, N. Ndembi, F. Lyagoba, P. Hughes, M. Aber, A. Medina Lara, S. Foster, J. Amurwon and B. Nyanzi Wakholi. Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda: P. Mugyenyi, C. Kityo, F. Ssali, D. Tumukunde, T. Otim, J. Kabanda, H. Musana, J. Akao, H. Kyomugisha, A. Byamukama, J. Sabiiti, J. Komugyena, P. Wavamunno, S. Mukiibi, A. Drasiku, R. Byaruhanga, O. Labeja, P. Katundu, S. Tugume, P. Awio, A. Namazzi, G. T. Bakeinyaga, H. Katabira, D. Abaine, J. Tukamushaba, W. Anywar, W. Ojiambo, E.

Angweng, S. Murungi, W. Haguma, S. Atwiine and J. Kigozi. University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe: A. Latif, J. Hakim, V. Robertson, A. Reid, E. Chidziva, R. Bulaya-Tembo, G. Musoro, F. Taziwa, C. Chimbetete, L. Chakonza, A. Mawora, C. Muvirimi, G. Tinago, P. Svovanapasis, M. Fenbendazole Simango, O. Chirema, J. Machingura, S. Mutsai, M. Phiri, T. Bafana, M. Chirara, L. Muchabaiwa and M. Muzambi. Infectious Diseases Institute (formerly the Academic Alliance) Makerere University, Mulago, Uganda: E. Katabira, A. Ronald, A. Kambungu, F. Lutwama, A. Nanfuka, J. Walusimbi, E. Nabankema, R. Nalumenya, T. Namuli, R. Kulume, I. Namata, L. Nyachwo, A. Florence, A. Kusiima, E. Lubwama, R. Nairuba, F. Oketta, E. Buluma, R. Waita, H. Ojiambo, F. Sadik, J. Wanyama and P. Nabongo. The AIDS Support Organisation (TASO), Uganda: R. Ochai and D. Muhweezi. Imperial College, London, UK: C. Gilks, K. Boocock, C. Puddephatt, D. Winogron and J. Bohannon. MRC Clinical Trials Unit, London, UK: J. Darbyshire, D.M. Gibb, A. Burke, D. Bray, A. Babiker, A.S. Walker, H. Wilkes, M. Rauchenberger, S. Sheehan, L. Peto, K. Taylor, M. Spyer, A. Ferrier, B. Naidoo, D. Dunn and R. Goodall. Independent DART Trial Monitors: R. Nanfuka and C.