rHA1 proteins are expressed in insect cells as secretory proteins after integration into a baculovirus expression vector containing a 6 x His tag element and the signal peptide of the GP67 protein, a membrane glycoprotein identified in Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus. The proteins can be purified to >= 90% purity using a single Ni(2+)-chelating affinity chromatography step, yielding a recovery Roscovitine ic50 rate of about 50%. The rHA1 proteins elicit high titer antibodies in mice and show high specificity in Western blots. This

study paves the way for subtype specific detection methods and for future studies of the immune relationships among the subtypes of influenza A virus HA proteins. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“CB1, TRPV1 and NO can regulate glutamate release and modify defensive behaviors in regions related to buy Sonidegib defensive behavior such as the dorsolateral periaqueductal gray (dIPAG). A possible interaction between the endocannabinoid and nitrergic systems in this area, however, has not been investigated yet. The objective of the present work was to verify if activation of CB1 or TRPV1 receptors could interfere in the flight responses induced in rats

by the injection of SIN-1, an NO donor, into the dIPAG. The results showed that local administration of a low dose (5 pmol) of anandamide (AEA) attenuated the flight responses, measured by the total distance moved and maximum speed in an open arena, induced by intra-dIPAG microinjection of SIN-1 (150 nmol). URB597 (0.1 nmol), an inhibitor of anandamide metabolism, produced similar effects. When animals were locally treated with the CB1 receptor antagonist AM251 Tariquidar cost the effective AEA dose (5 pmol) increased, rather than decreased, the flight reactions induced by SIN1-1. Higher (50-200 nmol) doses of AEA were ineffective and even tended to potentiate the SIN-1 effect. The TRPV1 antagonist capsazepine (CPZ, 30 nmol) prevented SIN-1 effects and attenuated the potentiation of its effect by the higher (200 nmol) AEA dose. The results indicate that AEA can

modulate in a dual way the pro-aversive effects of NO in the dIPAG by activating CB1 or TRPV1 receptors. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Rationale Previous studies have suggested the involvement of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in the development of sensitization to psychostimulants. Ontogeny-dependent differences in the response to psychostimulants have been reported.

Objective The objectives were to investigate (a) the short- and long-term consequences of adolescent and adult cocaine exposure on behavioral sensitization and (b) the role of the nNOS gene in behavioral sensitization in adolescent and adult mice.

Materials and Methods Adolescent and adult wild type (WT) and nNOS knockout (KO) mice received saline or cocaine (20 mg/kg) for 5 days and then were challenged with cocaine (20 mg/kg) after a drug-free period of 10 or 30 days.