6 +/- A 11.5) completed the EQ-5D post-PCI. The EQ-5D levels were dichotomized

into ‘no problems’ (level 1) versus ‘problems’ (levels 2, 3); the visual analogue scale (VAS) was dichotomized using the 25th percentile (cut-off a parts per thousand currency sign60) indicating poor health status. Patients were followed up for 1-year clinical events (death or non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI)).

There were 53 deaths/MIs at follow-up. The EQ-5D health status dimensions mobility (HR:2.23; 95% CI:1.25-3.97), self-care (HR:3.09; 95% CI:1.54-6.20), and self-reported health status as measured with the EQ-VAS (HR:2.94; 95% CI:1.65-5.25) were independent predictors of death/MI and added to the predictive value of a model comprised of demographic and clinical characteristics. The EQ-5D dimensions usual activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression were not associated with adverse clinical events in adjusted analysis.

Patient-rated find protocol health status predicted adverse clinical events at 1-year follow-up in PCI patients treated with drug-eluting stenting, with the risk being more than 2-fold independent of disease severity and other demographic and clinical characteristics. It may be timely to adopt standard assessment of health status

in clinical practice.”
“Background Traditional FT catalysts such as Co and Fe still suffer from carbon-induced deactivation even with alkali promotion. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of Ba addition to carbon-tolerant Mo carbide since it has Pt-like characteristics and is cheaper than noble metals as an FT catalyst. Results The presence of Ba increased RSL3 order the Mo carbide production rate and reduced the activation energy for its formation. The promoted catalyst exhibited higher specific basic site strength and CO2 uptake for strong basic site than that of the undoped catalyst. Both catalysts exhibited optimal reaction rate at a H2 mole fraction of 0.75 while CO consumption rate, total olefin-to-paraffin ratio, methane suppression as well as C5+ selectivity

were improved with Ba addition. The non-standard Anderson-Schulz-Flory (ASF) product distribution Pinometostat clinical trial observed for the Ba-doped catalyst may be due to the appearance of an additional polymerization site on the catalyst surface located in the BaMoO4 phase. Chain growth factor was enhanced by up to 93% from 0.43 to 0.83 with the Ba-doped catalyst. Conclusions Ba promoter increased chain growth probability by about 93%. The deviation of product distribution from standard ASF plots with 2 chain growth factors for the 3wt%Ba-10%MoC1-x/Al2O3 catalyst was probably due to the presence of different active sites for chain initiation. The result is unprecedented and represents excellent opportunity for industrial exploitation of a new and relatively cheap carbon-resistant catalyst.(c) 2012 Society of Chemical Industry”
“Advanced biliary tract carcinomas represent a group of aggressive diseases that still carries a poor prognosis.

( Oral Surg Oral Med Oral selleck chemicals Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2010; 109: 294-302)”
“Electrostatic levitation holds great promise for the semiconductor, solar panel, and flat-panel display industry where the handling of dielectrics in a contact-free manner can bring many advantages and solve long-standing contamination and particulate control problems. In

this work an analytical model is developed for the electrostatic levitation field between a lossy dielectric plate and a generic stator electrode structure consisting of a regular planar array of parallel bar electrodes. Time-varying voltages of differing polarities are alternatingly applied to the bar electrodes. Atmospheric humidity-related surface conduction on the plate is explicitly taken into account in the model since it has a profound effect on the field dynamics. Based on this model, the electrostatic levitation force is calculated using the Maxwell stress tensor formulation. The levitation force dynamics are investigated by evaluating the transient response of the field under a step in the applied voltages. In this context, the rate of electric PX-478 mouse charge build up on the plate is characterized

by the suspension initiation time (T(ST)), which is defined as the time elapsed between applying step voltages to the stator electrodes and start of lift-off of the dielectric plate from its initial position. T(SI) is theoretically predicted for 0.7 mm thick soda-lime glass substrates, typically used in the manufacturing of liquid crystal displays (LCD), as a function of electrode geometry, air gap separation, ambient humidity, and step voltage magnitudes. The predicted results are shown to be in good agreement with previously published experimental data for soda-lime glass substrates. (C) 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3487938]“
“The effect of UV radiation on a family Nutlin-3a cost of low density polyethylene films containing different concentrations of TiO2 nanoparticles has been studied. The photodegradation was monitored

using FTIR measurements of carbonyl group development and an in situ FTIR method that tracks the generation of CO2 as a principal product of degradation. Samples containing dispersant and/or a phenolic antioxidant but free from TiO2 particles were examined as controls. It was shown that the effects of photodegradation of the polymers could be followed even when these additives were present. The dispersant gave rise to absorption in the carbonyl region of the IR spectrum but meaningful results concerning the progress of photodegradation were obtained using difference spectra. Good correlation was found between the carbonyl and the CO2 measurements of the relative photosensitivities of the films with different compositions, and both methods indicated that addition of the nano-particulate rutile TiO2 had decreased the film photostability.

3)MnO(3) (LCMO), and Al/La(0.33)Sr(0.67)FeO(3) interfaces were chosen as typical examples of interfaces for the perovskite-based resistance random access memory (ReRAM), while Pt/PCMO and Ag/LCMO were chosen as references for the metal/perovskite interface without https://www.selleckchem.com/products/sbc-115076.html RS behavior. Detailed analyses of spectroscopic data revealed that transition

layers were formed at the interfaces showing RS behavior as a result of interfacial redox reactions between the Al electrodes and the transition metal ions in the oxides. On the other hand, for the interfaces that did not exhibit RS behavior, no chemical reaction occurred at the interface. The formation of the interfacial transition layer is naturally explained by considering the redox potential between the electrode materials and transition metal ions. These results suggest that a suitable combination of electrodes and oxides could be designed based on their redox potentials. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3631821]“
“Interaural time differences (ITDs) are the major cue for localizing low-frequency sounds. The activity of neuronal populations in the brainstem encodes ITDs with an exquisite temporal acuity of about 10 mu s. The response of single neurons, however, also changes with other stimulus properties like the spectral composition of sound. The influence of stimulus frequency is very different across neurons and thus it is unclear how ITDs are encoded independently of stimulus frequency

by populations A-1155463 of neurons. Here we fitted a statistical model to single-cell rate responses of the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus. The model was used to evaluate the impact of single-cell response characteristics on the frequency-invariant mutual information between rate response and ITD. We found a rough correspondence between the measured cell characteristics and those predicted by computing mutual information. Furthermore, we studied two readout mechanisms, a linear classifier and a two-channel rate difference decoder. The latter turned out to be better suited to decode the population patterns obtained from the fitted model.”
“Polyimide (PI)/hexagonal boron

nitride (h-BN) composites were produced via the thermal imidization procedure from solution mixtures of a polyamicacid, which is prepared from 3,3′,4,4′-benzophenonetetracarboxylic dianhydride and 3,3′-diaminodiphenyl sulfone (DADPS) in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone selleck products (NMP), and alkoxysilane functionalized h-BN. The structure, thermostability, thermal behavior, and surface properties of the resulting materials were characterized by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The thermal characteristics of PI/h-BN films were better than the pure PIs. The physical and mechanical properties of the films were evaluated by various techniques such as contact angle, chemical resistance, and tensile tests.

Conclusion: The detections of TRPV1 and TGF-beta 2 from serum and adenoid body specimens are valuable for UACS auxiliary diagnosis.

Tonsil hypertrophy and chronic tonsillitis history are independent risk factors of UACS. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Background: After the introduction of antiretroviral therapy, the life expectancy of HIV patients has increased to more than 30 years after initial diagnosis. find more Cardiovascular disease now is an important cause of death in HIV-infected patients.

Patients and Methods: In the multicenter, prospective HIV-HEART study, 222 (38 %) patients suffered from lipodystrophy. Women were more often affected than men (41.5 % vs. 25.3 %). Patients with lipodystrophy were on average 5 years older and had been infected longer (10.4 vs. 6.6 years) then patients without lipodystrophy.

Results: Lipodystrophy in HIV patients was a clinical sign of cardiovascular risk factors like hyperlipidemia (total cholesterol 19 mg/dl higher, HDL 2.8 mg/dl lower, triglycerides 53 mg/dl higher) and type 2 diabetes (11.3 % vs. 2.8 %).Patients with lipodystrophy were more likely to be co-infected with hepatitis B (34.7

% vs. 28.8 %, p = 0.122) or C (13.1 % vs. 9.3 %, p = 0.16) than patients without lipodystrophy. The quality of life was reduced PF-03084014 mw in patients with lipodystrophy. In 6 of 8 scales of the SF-36 questionnaire, patients with lipodystrophy had lower scores.

Conclusions: Lipodystrophy Crenigacestat syndrome is an early warning system for a number of illnesses which reduce life expectancy. Dermatologists must help

insure that HIV-infected patients receive treatment for these disorders.”
“Epidemiological studies have shown that respirable exposure to emitted cement particulate matter is associated with adverse health risk for human. The underlying mechanisms, however, are poorly understood. To examine the effect of cement, nine blinded cement-related particulates (<10 mu m) were assessed with regard to their induction of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-8 in human primary epithelial cells (pEC) from oropharyngeal mucosa as well as from nonsmall-cell lung carcinoma (non-SCLC) cells A549. It was demonstrated that the cement specimens did not act cytotoxic as assessed by the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay. The basal and IL-1 beta-induced IL-8 expression was suppressed, in contrast to an unchanged IL-6. At the transcript level the basal and induced IL-6 and IL-8 gene expression was not influenced by cement dust. To discover the mechanism by which cement influenced the IL-8 expression the following experiments were performed. Submerse exposure experiments have shown that the release of IL-8 was suppressed by cement dust. Furthermore, the incubation of IL-8 with cement-related specimens under cell-free condition led to a loss of immunoreactive IL-8.

(C) 2010 International Society for Infectious Diseases. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Purpose: To determine the utility of computed tomographic (CT) enteroclysis for characterization of the status of the anastomotic site in patients with Crohn disease who had previously undergone ileocolic resection.

Materials and Methods: Written informed consent was prospectively obtained from all patients, and the institutional review board approved the study protocol. CT enteroclysis findings in 40 patients

with Crohn disease who had previously Flavopiridol solubility dmso undergone ileocolic resection were evaluated independently by two readers. Endoscopic findings, histopathologic findings, and/or the Crohn disease activity

index was the reference standard. Interobserver agreement between the two readers was calculated PI3K inhibitor with kappa statistics. Associations between CT enteroclysis findings and anastomotic site status were assessed at univariate analysis. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of CT enteroclysis, with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs), for the diagnosis of normal versus abnormal anastomosis and the diagnosis of anastomotic recurrence versus fibrostenosis were estimated.

Results: Interobserver agreement regarding CT enteroclysis criteria was good to perfect (kappa = 0.72-1.00). At univariate analysis, stratification and anastomotic wall thickening were the two most discriminating variables in the differentiation between normal and abnormal anastomoses (P < .001). Stratification (P < .001) and the comb sign (P = .026) were the two most discriminating variables in the differentiation between anastomotic recurrence and fibrostenosis. In the diagnosis of anastomotic recurrence, severe anastomotic stenosis was the most sensitive finding (95% [20 of 21 patients]; 95% CI: 76.18%, 99.88%), both buy Adavosertib comb sign and stratification had 95% specificity (18 of 19 patients; 95% CI: 73.97%, 99.87%), and stratification was the most accurate finding (92% [ 37 of 40 patients]; 95% CI: 79.61%, 98.43%). In the diagnosis of fibrostenosis, both severe anastomotic stenosis and anastomotic

wall thickening were 100% sensitive (eight of eight patients; 95% CI: 63.06%, 100.00%), and using an association among five categorical variables, including severe anastomotic stenosis, anastomotic wall thickening with normal or mild mucosal enhancement, absence of comb sign, and absence of fistula, yielded 88% sensitivity (seven of eight patients; 95% CI: 47.35%, 99.68%), 97% specificity (31 of 32 patients; 95% CI: 83.78%, 99.92%), and 95% accuracy (38 of 40 patients; 95% CI: 83.08%, 99.39%).

Conclusion: CT enteroclysis yields objective and relatively specific morphologic criteria that help differentiate between recurrent disease and fibrostenosis at the anastomotic site after ileocolic resection for Crohn disease.

Rivastigmine was administered to male rats at 2 mg/kg by IN and IV route. Drug concentration, AChE and BuChE activity were measured in the plasma, central nervous system (CNS) regions i.e. olfactory region, hippocampus, cerebrum and cerebellum, and peripheral tissues. It was determined that rivastigmine was characterized by extremely rapid and

complete absorption into the systemic circulation followed by a rapid decline in the plasma concentrations, and can also quickly distribute into CNS and peripheral tissues by the two routes. IN administration showed higher concentration in CNS regions and longer action on inhibiting the activity of AChE and BuChE than IV administration. More significant decrease of the two enzymes was observed in CNS regions Selleckchem Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Library than in peripheral tissues for both administrations. A close relationship

was found between the concentration of rivastigmine and enzyme click here inhibition in plasma and CNS tissues in rats. Based on these findings, it was concluded that rivastigmine could cause relatively strong inhibition of AChE and BuChE in plasma and brain tissues, especially in hippocampus, cortex and cerebrum. The pharmacodynamics was closely related to its concentration in vivo. The intranasal route can be strategy for delivering the drug into brain.”
“The patient was a 54-year-old woman who developed a right adrenal tumour, Cushingoid features, elevated levels of cortisol that were not suppressed by 1 nor 8mg of dexamethasone, and suppression of adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) during treatment for severe hypertension. Computed tomography (CT) revealed a right adrenal tumour and an atrophic

left adrenal gland. ACY-1215 mouse In addition, elevated plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC) and suppressed plasma renin activity (PRA) with an aldoster-one-to-renin ratio of 128 (ng per 100ml per ngml(-1)h(-1)) suggested aldosterone excess. Urinary excretion of aldosterone was relatively high, and the captopril and rapid ACTH tests resulted in no response of PRA and exaggerated increase in PAC, respectively. ACTH-loaded adrenal venous sampling showed bilateral excess of aldosterone with right predominance of cortisol. Right laparoscopic partial adrenalectomy (ADX) and immunohistochemical analysis showed both a cortisol-producing adenoma and an aldosterone-producing microadenoma (microAPA) within the attached adrenal, which had not been detected by CT preoperatively. After the right partial ADX, her blood pressure, aldosterone level and suppressed PRA remained unchanged. Subsequently, laparoscopic total left ADX was performed. Two microAPAs with paradoxical hyperplasia were revealed within the apparently atrophic left adrenal gland. Soon after the second surgery, her blood pressure normalized without requiring any anti-hypertensive medication. Journal of Human Hypertension (2011) 25, 114-121; doi:10.1038/jhh.2010.

001) with increasing driving distance to the appointment. Patients with Medicaid insurance were significantly less likely (p < 0.001) to present with problems of simple clinical complexity than patients with Medicare and those with private insurance. Primary care physicians reported that 62% of local surgeons accepted patients PKC412 with Medicaid insurance and 100% of local surgeons accepted patients with private insurance. Forty-four percent of these primary care physicians reported that, if patients who were underinsured (i.e., patients with Medicaid insurance or no insurance) had been refused by community surgeons, they were unable

to drive to our tertiary center because of limited personal resources. Patients with Medicaid insurance (26%) were significantly more likely (p < 0.001) to fail to arrive for appointments than patients with private insurance (11%), with no-show rates increasing with the greater distance required to reach the tertiary center.

Conclusions: Economically disadvantaged patients face barriers to accessing specialty surgical care. Among patients with Medicaid coverage or no insurance, local surgical care is less likely to be offered and yet personal resources may limit a patient’s ability selleck products to reach distant centers for non-emergency care.”
“The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of relative humidity

(RH) on oxidation of the free and encapsulated oil fractions of dried microencapsulated oils (DMOs) during long-term storage at 30 degrees C. Sunflower and fish oils with different tocopherol content were encapsulated

CP-690550 solubility dmso in a milk-based encapsulation matrix. The total non-volatile oxidation products and tocopherol were quantitated. Results showed that 0% and 32% RH were, respectively, the most unfavourable and favourable conditions against lipid oxidation. The 32% RH atmosphere exerted a great protective effect on the free oil as compared to 0% RH, while no or a negligible effect was found in the encapsulated oil. Except for the samples most susceptible to oxidation, the free oil remarkably oxidized more slowly than the encapsulated oil regardless of RH. Therefore, there were factors other than moisture that determined the oxidation rate in the free and encapsulated fractions of the DMOs. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate serial changes in QRS duration in the 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) and their prognostic value in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF).

Methods: Retrospective evaluation of the 12-lead ECG was performed in 822 patients with AF. Inclusion criteria included AF in two sequential ECGs and an echocardiogram obtained within 7 days of the second ECG. The mean age of the 228 patients enrolled in the study was 71.2 +/- 12.9 and 45.6% were females. Nearly half of the patients had hypertension (49.5%) and a history of heart failure (44.7%).

Any language allows its users to express virtually any thought they can conceptualize. These traits render human language unique in the biological world. Understanding the biological basis of language is thus both extremely challenging and fundamentally interesting. I review the literature on linguistic diversity and language universals, suggesting that an adequate notion of ‘formal universals’ provides a promising way to understand the facts of language acquisition,

offering order in the face of the diversity of human languages. Formal universals are cross-linguistic generalizations, often of an abstract or implicational nature. They derive from cognitive capacities to perceive OSI-744 nmr and process particular types of structures and biological constraints upon integration of the multiple systems involved in language. Such formal universals can be understood on the model of a general solution to a set of differential equations; each language is one particular solution. An explicit formal conception of human language that embraces both considerable diversity and underlying biological unity BAY 11-7082 nmr is possible, and fully compatible with modern evolutionary theory.”
“The myotubularins are a family of phosphoinositide 3-phosphatases preferentially hydrolyzing phosphatidylinositol 3-monophosphate and also phosphatidylinositol (3,5) bis-phosphate, thus generating

phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylinositol 5-monophosphate, respectively. These phosphoinositides are known regulators of vesicular trafficking and phosphatidylinositol 5-monophosphate was also implicated in signal transduction regulation. Based on their capacity to control the level of these phosphoinositides, myotubularins are involved buy SGC-CBP30 in the regulation of vesicular trafficking,

membrane homeostasis, cytoskeleton dynamics, proliferation and apoptosis. Myotubularin dysfunctions are linked to genetic diseases: MTMI is mutated in the X-linked congenital myotubular myopathy and MTMR2 and MTMR13 are mutated in autosomal recessive type 4B1 and 4B2 Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathies, respectively. This review presents the cellular functions of myotubularins and highlights their physiopathological roles in neuromuscular diseases.”
“Despite the apparent risks of the introduction of non-indigenous ungulates to biodiversity, relatively little is known globally about the pathways of introduction, propagule pressure and realized impacts of ungulate introductions. These issues were examined here by investigating ungulate introductions to South Africa within a global context. Across countries globally, introduced ungulate richness is not related to indigenous ungulate richness, and several countries are clear outliers. South Africa is second only to the USA in the number of ungulate species introduced to date.

from exotic small mammals, we investigated the prevalence of Bartonella spp. in 546 PU-H71 small mammals (28 species) that had been imported into Japan as pets from Asia, North America, Europe, and the Middle and Near East. We obtained 407

Bartonella isolates and characterized them by molecular phylogenetic analysis of the citrate synthase gene, gltA. The animals examined carried 4 zoonotic Bartonella spp. that cause human endocarditis and neuroretinitis and 6 novel Bartonella spp. at a high prevalence (26.0%, 142/546). We conclude that exotic small mammals potentially serve as reservoirs of several zoonotic Bartonella spp.”
“Background: The Juniper Asthma Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire (AQLQ(S)) is a questionnaire that allows measurement of disease specific quality of life. We wanted to examine correlations between the (AQLQ(S)) general and different subscale scores and both psychiatric morbidity see more and levels of psychological distress in individuals

with occupational asthma (OA) and to determine if results in the emotional function subscale allow identification of individuals with clinically significant psychological distress or current psychiatric disorders.

Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of individuals with OA who were assessed during a re-evaluation for permanent disability, after they were no longer exposed to the sensitizing agent. Patients underwent a general sociodemographic and medical history evaluation, a brief psychiatric interview (Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders, PRIME-MD) and completed a battery of questionnaires including

the AQLQ(S), the St-Georges Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ), and the Psychiatric Symptom Index (PSI).

Results: There was good internal consistency (Cronbach alpha = 0.936 for the AQLQ(S) total score) and construct validity for the AQLQ(S) (Spearman rho = -0.693 for the SGRQ symptom score and rho = -0.650 for the asthma severity score). There were medium to large correlations between the total score of the AQLQ(S) and the SGRQ symptom score (r = -.693), and PSI learn more total (r = -.619) and subscale scores (including depression, r = -.419; anxiety, r = -.664; anger, r = -.367; cognitive disturbances, r = -.419). A cut-off of 5.1 on the AQLQ(S) emotional function subscale (where 0 = high impairment and 7 = no impairment) had the best discriminative value to distinguish individuals with or without clinically significant psychiatric distress according to the PSI, and a cut-off of 4.7 best distinguished individuals with or without a current psychiatric disorder according to the PRIME-MD.

Conclusions: Impaired quality of life is associated with psychological distress and psychiatric disorders in individuals with OA. Findings suggest that the AQLQ(S) questionnaire may be used to identify patients with potentially clinically significant levels of psychological distress.

J Appl Polym Sci, 2012″
“Background: Prior research suggests that both social networks and parent drug use influence individual drug use among adolescents and that peers continue to influence drug use among adults. This analysis aims to determine whether

parent drug use during childhood is associated with having drug-using networks in adulthood after adjusting for individual adult drug use.

Methods: 650 young adult drug users were recruited through targeted street outreach and respondent-driven sampling in New York City (2006-2009). Baseline surveys ascertained demographics, network characteristics, drug use Entrectinib concentration behaviors, and parental drug use during childhood. Negative binomial regression was used to evaluate this association.

Results: AC220 mw The median age was 33 years, 22% injected, 49% were Black, and during childhood 26% of mothers, 32% of fathers, and 13% of primary caregivers used drugs. After adjustment, having >1 parent who used drugs was associated with having a greater proportion of

drug using (Adjusted Prevalence Ratio [APR] = 1.18; 95%CI: 1.01-1.38) and specifically crack-smoking networks (APR = 1.71; 95%CI: 1.21-2.43) in adulthood. Females’ networks consisted of more drug users (APR = 1.18; 95%CI: 1.01-1.38), injectors (APR = 1.44; 95%CI: 1.09-1.90), crack smokers (APR = 1.48; 95%CI: 1.18-1.87) and heroin users (APR = 1.43; 95%CI: 1.13-1.81); blacks had a greater proportion of crack smoking (APR = 1.41; 95%CI: 1.09-1.82), but a smaller proportion of injecting (APR = 0.64; 95%CI: 0.43-0.94) and heroin smoking (APR https://www.sellecn.cn/products/gsk2126458.html = 0.60; 95%CI: 0.47-0.77) networks as adults.

Conclusions: These data suggest that parental drug use is independently associated with having drug-using networks in adulthood. Interventions that target parents and caregivers and that promote drug cessation could impede risky network formation in both adolescents and adults. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Background: Asians

who have a healthy body mass index (BMI) range have been observed to have higher levels of obesity and risk of cardiovascular disease than whites, which suggests that the relation between BMI and adiposity may be different for Asians.

Objective: The primary aim of this study was to investigate the influence of childhood and adolescent exposure to a westernized environment on the relation between BMI and percentage body fat in young Asian American women.

Design: Secondary data from 129 Asian women, aged 20-25 y, with variable lengths of residence in the United States and 327 white women of comparable ages who had participated in the Latina and Asian Bone Health Study (1999-2000) and the Berkeley Bone Health Study (1998-2000), respectively, were analyzed by using multiple linear regression with percentage body fat as the outcome variable and place of birth, ethnicity, length of US residency, and BMI as predictor variables.