A soluble hexameric form of JEV NS1 protein was produced in a stable Drosophila S2 cell clone and purified from supernatant fluids. Two IgG1 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) with high affinity against two different epitopes of JEV NS1 antigen were used to develop an antigen-capture assay with a limit of detection of 0.2 ng ml(-1) NS1. Up to 1 mu g ml(-1)

JEV NS1 protein was released in supernatants of mammalian cells infected with JEV but <10 ng ml(-1) was released in sera of virus-infected mice before the onset of encephalitis and death. Moreover, NS1 protein was detected at low levels (<10 ng ml(-1)) in 23.8% of sera and in 10.5% of CSF of patients diagnosed as IgM-positive for JEV. This quantitative test of NS1 protein is proposed for highly specific diagnosis buy Fedratinib of acute infection with JEV genotypes I to IV. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Our previous studies have demonstrated that mice with reduced

or absent serotonin transporter (SERT+/- and SERT-/- mice, respectively) are more sensitive check details to stress relative to their SERT normal littermates (SERT+/+ mice). The aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and its feedback regulation are impaired in these mice, The function and gene expression of several components in the HPA axis and its feedback regulation in SERT+/+, +/(and -/- mice were studied under basal (non-stressed) and stressed conditions. The results showed that (1) under basal conditions, corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) mRNA levels in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus was lower in both SERT+/(and (/(mice relative to SERT+/+ mice; (2) an increased response to CRF challenge was found in SERT(/ (mice, only suggesting that the function

of CRF type 1 receptors (CRF R1) in the pituitary is increased. Consistent with these findings, (125)I-sauvagine (a CRF receptor antagonist) binding revealed an increased density of CRF RI in the pituitary of SERT(/(under basal conditions. These data suggest that CRF R1 in the pituitary of SERT(/ (mice is up-regulated. However, in the pituitary of SERT+/(mice, the function of CRF R1 was not changed and the density of CRF RI was reduced relative to SERT+/+ mice; and (3) the expression of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in the hypothalamus, pituitary and adrenal cortex was significantly reduced in SERT+/(and (/(mice in comparison with SERT+/+ mice under basal conditions. Consistent with these findings, the corticosterone response to dexamethasone was blunted in SERT(/(mice relative to SERT+/+ and +/(mice. Furthermore, stress induces a rapid increase of the GR expression in the hypothalamus of SERT+/(and (/(mice relative to their basal levels. Together, the present results demonstrated that the HPA axis and its feedback regulation are altered in SERT knockout mice, which could account for the increased sensitivity to stress in these mice. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Fruit fly Drosophila

also carries a single necdin-like MAGE gene, which is highly expressed in neural stem cells (neuroblasts) during nervous system development. In the present study, we investigated the function of MAGE in Drosophila neurogenesis in vivo using an RNA interference (RNAi) -mediated gene knockdown system. Ubiquitous knockdown of Drosophila MAGE by double-stranded RNA injection into embryos was lethal at early stages of organogenesis. MAGE was then knocked down in developing mushroom bodies by RNAi-mediated gene silencing using the OK107-GAL4 driver. MAGE RNAi increased the population of proliferative neural precursors in larval mushroom bodies. At the pupal stage, RNAi-mediated MAGE knockdown led to a significant enlargement of the mushroom AZD1080 manufacturer bodies as a result selleck chemicals llc of increased neuronal population, presumably by accelerating the asymmetric division of neural stem cells.

MAGE RNAi mushroom bodies of adult flies showed neurodegenerative changes such as vacuolation and nuclear DNA breaks, implying that supernumerary neurons undergo apoptosis during postpupal development. These results suggest that evolutionally conserved necdin-like MAGE is involved in both neural stem cell proliferation and neuronal survival during nervous system development. (C) 2008 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Adult T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) continues to represent an unfavorable disease. Molecularly based Myosin treatment stratifications could help improve

outcome. The prognostic impact of HOX11 and HOX11L2 expression has been an area of controversy. We have investigated 286 adult T-ALL patients enrolled into the German Multicenter ALL (GMALL) therapy protocols by comparative real-time RT-PCR. High HOX11 expression and HOX11L2 expression were predominantly seen in thymic T-ALL (P=0.031). In a multivariate analysis HOX11L2 expression proved to be an independent adverse risk factor for relapse-free survival (RFS) with a hazard ratio (HR) of 2.02 (P=0.023) and an HR for overall survival (OS) of 1.81 (P=0.021), both adjusted for the immunophenotype. HOX11 expression was found to have a favorable impact on RFS (HR 0.51; P=0.048) but did not exhibit a significant impact on OS. A subgroup analysis for thymic T-ALL revealed a more pronounced negative correlation of HOX11L2 expression with RFS ( HR 3.26; P=0.002) and OS (HR 2.38; P=0.009). Although the prognostic impact of HOX11 in T-ALL is less clear, HOX11L2 expression identifies a small subset of high-risk patients, who are so far classified as standard-risk group. Thus, patients with aberrant HOX11L2 expression should be considered early as candidates for intensified treatment regimes.”
“In skeletal muscle, alpha-dystrobrevin (alpha DB) is expressed throughout the sarcolemma with high concentrations at the neuromuscular junction.

Selective cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) inhibitor, KT5720 (1 mu M), but not selective protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor, NPC15437 (30 mu M) totally reversed the action of memantine. In mixed glial cultures, 2-24 h incubation with memantine (2-50 mu M) enhanced the production of kynurenic acid. Memantine (up to 0.5 mu M) has not affected the activity of kynurenic

acid biosynthetic enzymes. The obtained data suggest that memantine enhances the production of kynurenic acid in PKA-mediated way. This effect may partially contribute to the therapeutic actions of memantine and be of a potential clinical importance. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Biclustering is an important tool in microarray analysis when only a subset of genes co-regulates in a subset of conditions. Different from standard clustering analyses, https://www.selleckchem.com/products/q-vd-oph.html biclustering performs simultaneous classification in both gene and condition directions in a microarray data matrix. However, the biclustering problem is inherently intractable and computationally complex. In this paper, we present a new biclustering algorithm based on the geometrical viewpoint of coherent gene expression profiles. In this method, we perform pattern identification based on the Hough transform in a column-pair space. The algorithm

is especially suitable for the biclustering analysis of large-scale microarray data. Our studies show that the approach can discover significant biclusters Pifithrin�� with respect to the increased noise level and regulatory complexity. Furthermore, we also test the ability of our method to locate biologically verifiable biclusters within an annotated set of genes. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights

reserved.”
“Background: We compared the efficacy of two different taxanes, docetaxel and paclitaxel, given either weekly or every 3 weeks, in the adjuvant treatment of breast cancer.

Methods: We enrolled 4950 women with axillary lymph node-positive or high-risk, lymph node-negative breast cancer. After randomization, all patients first received 4 cycles of intravenous doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide at 3-week intervals and were then assigned to intravenous paclitaxel or docetaxel given at 3-week intervals for 4 cycles or at 1-week intervals for 12 this website cycles. The primary end point was disease-free survival.

Results: As compared with patients receiving standard therapy (paclitaxel every 3 weeks), the odds ratio for disease-free survival was 1.27 among those receiving weekly paclitaxel (P=0.006), 1.23 among those receiving docetaxel every 3 weeks (P=0.02), and 1.09 among those receiving weekly docetaxel (P=0.29) (with an odds ratio >1 favoring the groups receiving experimental therapy). As compared with standard therapy, weekly paclitaxel was also associated with improved survival (odds ratio, 1.32; P=0.01).

To determine these factors,

we used a United States Stem Cells inhibitor Department of Veterans Affairs database to ascertain long-term renal function in 113,272 patients. Of these, 44,377 had established chronic kidney disease and were analyzed separately. A cohort of 63,491 patients was hospitalized for acute myocardial infarction or pneumonia and designated as controls. The remaining 5,404 patients had diagnostic codes indicating acute renal failure or acute tubular necrosis. Serum creatinine, estimated glomerular filtration rates, and dates of death over a 75-month period were followed. Renal function deteriorated over time in all groups, but with significantly greater severity in those who had acute renal failure and acute tubular necrosis compared to controls. Patients with acute kidney injury, especially those with acute tubular necrosis, were more likely than controls

to enter stage 4 chronic kidney disease, but this entry time was similar to that of patients who initially had chronic kidney selleck inhibitor disease. The risk of death was elevated in those with acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease compared to controls after accounting for covariates. We found that patients who had an episode of acute tubular necrosis were at high risk for the development of stage 4 disease and had a reduced survival time when compared to control patients. Kidney International (2009) 76, 1089-1097; doi: 10.1038/ki.2009.332; published online 9 September 2009″
“Corticomotor facilitation

Fazadinium bromide was investigated using transcranial magnetic stimulation in healthy young adults when they actively stroked either their own left palm (intraactive) or the experimenter’s palm (interactive touch) with their right index finger. We predicted, based on the sensory cancellation hypothesis, that corticomotor facilitation would be lower with intraactive touch. Motor evoked potential amplitude in the right first dorsal interosseous was affected by mode of touch, but not by sex. In contrast to our prediction, motor evoked potential facilitation was larger (mean 14%) during intraactive touch. The present results are in agreement with recent evidence suggesting that self-touch represents a unique class of sensorimotor experiences that are critical for the elaboration of internal body structure representation. NeuroReport 21:206-209 (C) 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health vertical bar Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.”
“Pulse pressure is a well established marker of vascular stiffness and is associated with increased mortality in hemodialysis patients. Here we sought to determine if a decrease in pulse pressure during hemodialysis was associated with improved outcomes using data from 438 hemodialysis patients enrolled in the 6-month Crit-Line Intradialytic Monitoring Benefit Study.

001). Changes in antero-posterior mean position of the exercised leg were also observed reflecting a mean loading in a BAY 11-7082 cost more rear fOot stance (P < 0.01). The in-shoe system parameters revealed for the exercised foot, an increase of the maximal pressure value for the heel region (P < 0.05) and a decrease for the mid-foot and forepart (P < 0.05). For the non-exercised foot, the maximal pressure decreased only

in forepart (P < 0.05).

Conclusions. – Unilateral triceps surae fatigue revealed an immediate destabilisation of undisturbed stance and the observed postural strategy appears similar to these developed by patients who presented pain pathology and/or sensory deficits in lower limb. (C) 2011 Elsevier https://www.selleckchem.com/products/jnk-in-8.html Masson SAS. All rights reserved.”
“Objective. – The cutaneous silent period (CSP) corresponds to the inhibition of motor neuronal activity that is induced by electrical cutaneous stimulation. This motor neuronal inhibition might be useful as a therapeutic strategy for modulating the excitability of motor neurons.

Therefore, we investigated the CSP changes that can be observed using the paired-stimulation method.

Methods. – Fifteen healthy adults were recruited. The digital cutaneous nerve of the right index finger was stimulated, and the CSP was recorded at the right thenar

muscle. During the stimulation, contraction of the opposing right thumb and third finger was maintained at 20% of maximal voluntary contraction. A single stimulation was applied at the right index finger, and the duration and latency of the CSP (CSP1) was recorded. Paired electrical stimulations were then delivered with 60-, 80-, 100-, 120-, 140-, 160-, 180-, and 200-ms interstimulus intervals (151), and the latency and duration of a second CSP (CSP2) was measured and Myosin compared with that for the single stimulation.

Results. – The CSP2 onset latencies were delayed in the 60-, 80-, and 100-ms ISI when compared to CSP1. CSP2 durations were shorter in the 60-, 80-, and 100-ms ISI. No significant differences in the latencies and durations between CSP1 and CSP2 were observed for 151 durations greater than 120 ms.

Conclusions. – We found that repetitive electrical stimulation changed the latency and duration of the CSP. These results suggest that the refractory period of the spinal inhibitory circuit in CSP is less than 100 ms. (C) 2011 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

c-FLIP over expression in stromal cells stimulated the growth and invasion of prostate cancer, including LNCaP and PC3 cells in vitro.

Conclusions: These results indicate the over expression of stromal c-FLIP and its function for promoting prostate

cancer growth and invasion.”
“The purpose of this study is to reveal characteristics of (64)Cu-labeled diacetyl-bis(N(4)-methylthiosemicarbazone) ([(64)Cu]Cu-ATSM) during cell proliferation and hypoxia by autoradiography imaging and immunohistochemical staining.

Methods: The intratumoral distribution of [(64)Cu]Cu-ATSM and [(18)F]-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-gloucose ([(18)F]FDG) in mice implanted with Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC1) tumor cells according to dual autoradiography were compared with the immunohistochemica staining patterns of proliferating markers [Ki-67 and 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine AS1842856 supplier (BrdU)] and a hypoxic marker (pimonidazole). A clonogenic assay was performed using the cells of LLC1 tumor-implanted mice, and it was compared with the distribution of [(64)CL]Cu-ATSM.

Results:

[(64)Cu]Cu-ATSM mainly accumulated at the edge of rumors, whereas [(18)F]FDG was distributed inside the tumor and inside the [(64)Cu] Cu-ATSM accumulation. The number of Ki-67-positive cells/area tended to increase with [(18)F]FDG accumulation and decrease with [(64)Cu] Cu-ATSM accumulation. MCC950 On the other hand, the number of BrdU-positive cells/area was negatively correlated with [(18)F]FDG With [(64)Cu]Cu-ATSM accumulation. High [(64)Cu]Cu-ATSM accumulation was found outside the high-[(18)F]FDG-accumulation and pimonidazole-positive regions. Colony formation ability was significantly higher in the tumor cells obtained from high-[(64)Cu]Cu-ATSM-accumulation regions than the cells from the intermediate- and the

low-accumulation regions.

Conclusion: [(64)Cu]Cu-ATSM accumulation regions in tumor cells indicate quiescent but clonogenic tumor cells under mild hypoxia. [(64)Cu] Cu-ATSM could play an important role in planning appropriate tumor radiotherapy. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Purpose: Microdialysis is a technique for monitoring the concentration of molecules in the interstitial fluid of living tissue. We Aldehyde dehydrogenase report the effects of ischemia on human renal interstitial fluid molecules.

Materials and Methods: Ten patients with a renal mass or upper tract transitional cell carcinoma who elected laparoscopic nephrectomy or nephroureterectomy were studied with in situ renal microdialysis. Microdialysate was continuously collected into separate vials every 10 minutes before and after the renal artery was stapled. Samples, were analyzed for the glucose, pyruvate, lactate and glycerol concentration.

Results: The concentration of all 4 molecules was stable throughout the pre-ischemia baseline period. Glucose and pyruvate concentrations decreased to almost zero during the first 60 minutes of ischemia.

(C) 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Background Relapse prevention with antipsychotic drugs compared with placebo in patients with schizophrenia has not been sufficiently addressed by previous systematic reviews. We aimed to assess the association between such drugs and various outcomes in patients with schizophrenia to resolve controversial issues.

Methods We searched the Cochrane Schizophrenia Group’s specialised register Belnacasan for reports published before Nov 11, 2008; and PubMed, Embase, and ClinicalTrials.gov for those before June 8, 2011. We also contacted pharmaceutical companies and searched the

reference lists of included studies and previous reviews. Randomised trials of patients with schizophrenia continued on or withdrawn from any antipsychotic drug regimen after stabilisation were eligible. Our primary outcome was relapse between 7 and 12 months. We also examined safety and various functional outcomes. We used the random effects model and verified results for the primary outcome

with a fixed effects model. Heterogeneity was investigated with subgroup and meta-regression analyses.

Findings We identified 116 suitable reports from 65 trials, with data for 6493 patients. Antipsychotic drugs significantly reduced relapse rates at 1 year (drugs 27% vs placebo 64%; risk ratio [RR] 0.40, 95% CI 0.33-0.49; number needed to treat to benefit [NNTB] AZD1208 order 3, 95% CI 2-3). Fewer patients given antipsychotic drugs than placebo were readmitted (10% vs 26%; RR 0.38, 95% CI 0.27-0.55; NNTB 5, 4-9), but less than a third of relapsed patients had to be admitted. Limited evidence suggested better quality of life (standardised mean difference -0.62, 95% CI -1.15 to -0.09) and fewer aggressive acts (2% vs 12%; RR 0.27, 95% CI 0.15-0.52; NNTB 11, 6-100) with antipsychotic drugs than with placebo. Employment data were scarce and too few deaths were reported to allow significant differences to be identified. More patients given antipsychotic drugs than placebo gained weight (10% vs 6%; RR 2.07, 95% CI 2.31-3.25), had movement disorders (16% vs 9%; 1.55, 1.25-1.93), and experienced

sedation (13% vs 9%; 1.50, 1.22-1.84). nearly Substantial heterogeneity in size of effect was recorded. In subgroup analyses, number of episodes, whether patients were in remission, abrupt or gradual withdrawal of treatment, length of stability before trial entry, first-generation or second-generation drugs, and allocation concealment method did not significantly affect relapse risk. Depot preparations reduced relapse (RR 0.31, 95% CI 0.21-0.41) more than did oral drugs (0.46, 0.37-0.57; p=0.03); depot haloperidol (RR 0.14, 95% CI 0.04-0.55) and fluphenazine (0.23, 0.14-0.39) had the greatest effects. The effects of antipsychotic drugs were greater in two unblinded trials (0.26, 0.17-0.39) than in most blinded studies (0.42, 0.35-0.

25, 2.5, or 10 mg/kg body weight (BW)/d. Dams’ body weights were significantly reduced by the 10-mg/kg BW/d TBT treatment. At GD20, there were no significant effects of any TBT

treatment on pup weights, litter size, sex ratio, or tissue weights. However, at postnatal day (PND) 6 and 12, neonatal pup weights were reduced by the 10-mg/kg BW/d TBT treatment but tissue weights were unaffected, except for the liver weight of female pups, which was reduced by the 10-mg/kg BW/d TBT treatment. Tissues harvested on GD20 and PND6 and PND12 were extracted for determination of organotins by gas chromatography-atomic emission detection (GC-AED). In most tissues, TBT and its metabolite dibutyltin (DBT) were evident but monobutyltin (MBT) was rarely measured above the detection limit. The livers and brains of fetuses contained TBT and DBT at levels that were approximately 50% of the equivalent tissues in the dams. Furthermore, these tissues appeared to preferentially absorb/retain organotins, since the concentrations were greater than were found for the total loading in whole pups.

The placenta also contained relatively large quantities of TBT and DBT. Postnatally, the TBT levels in pups decreased markedly, a probable consequence of the extremely low levels of organotins in rat milk. However, DBT levels in pups livers and brains

were maintained, probably due to metabolism of TBT to DBT. Similarly, while dams’ spleens contained significant quantities of organotins, the pups’ spleens contained smaller quantities, and these decreased rapidly between PND6 and PND12. These results show that organotins cross the placenta and accumulate in fetal tissues but that during lactation, the pups would receive minimal organotins through the milk and during this period, the levels of TBT in pups’ tissues decreases rapidly. Consequently, fetuses would be at greater risk of the adverse effects of TBT, but due to the lack of transfer through milk, the risk would be reduced during the lactational period.”
“Using a standardized rat model of contusive spinal cord injury (SCI; [Gorio A, Gokmen N, Erbayraktar S, Yilmaz O, Madaschi L, Cichetti C, Di Giulio AM, Vardar E, 2 Cerami A, Brines M (2002) Recombinant human erythropoietin counteracts secondary injury and markedly enhances neurological recovery from experimental spinal cord trauma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99:9450-9455]), we previously showed that the administration of recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) improves both tissue sparing and locomotory outcome.

Conclusion: Selected metabolic and redox factors explained gender-specific variances in serum BDNF levels in

depressed African men and women. Our findings suggest that changes in redox and Q-VD-Oph research buy metabolic status may represent counterregulation by BDNF or alternatively that BDNF may mediate undesirable redox and metabolic changes that are associated with the development of a mood disorder. Copyright (c) 2012 S. Karger AG, Basel”
“Purpose: Chlamydia trachomatis infection of the male genital tract was proposed to alter male fertility. We studied the putative consequences of chlamydial male genital tract infection on semen quality and male fertility in an experimental rat model of infection.

Materials and Methods: We used 36 male and 40 female Wistar rats. Male genital infection was created by inoculating Chlamydia muridarum in the meatal urethra. The presence of C. muridarum was evaluated by polymerase chain reaction in semen and male genital tract organs early (15 days) and late (80 days) after infection. Sperm quality parameters were assayed in seminal and epididymal sperm from sham infected and infected rats. Mating

studies with sexually mature females were performed and fertility parameters were assayed, including potency, fecundity and fertility indexes, fetal size, and pre-implantation and post-implantation embryo loss.

Results: Male rats showed ascending, disseminated infection 15 days after infection. Bacteria persisted Fosbretabulin purchase in the prostate and seminal vesicles 80 days after infection. C. muridarum was detected in semen in most rats regardless of acute or chronic infection. Seminal or epididymal sperm quality did not differ in infected and sham infected rats 15 or 80 days after infection. Sperm apoptosis was also minimal in infected rats. No differences were observed in fertility parameters new between infected and sham infected

rats.

Conclusions: C. muridarum infects the rat male genital tract and persists mainly in the prostate. Although C. muridarum was detected in semen during acute and chronic infection, no alterations in sperm quality were observed. C. muridarum infection does not impair male fertility.”
“Ralstonia eutropha H16 is an H(2)-oxidizing, facultative chemolithoautotroph. Using 2-DE in conjunction with peptide mass spectrometry we have cataloged the soluble proteins of this bacterium during growth on different substrates: (i) H(2) and CO(2), (ii) succinate and (iii) glycerol. The first and second conditions represent purely lithoautotrophic and purely organoheterotrophic nutrition, respectively. The third growth regime permits formation of the H(2)-oxidizing and CO(2)-fixing systems concomitant to utilization of an organic substrate, thus enabling mixotrophic growth.

In group A, all patients underwent CEA under

general anesthesia with the systematic use of a carotid shunt, and 79 patients had a combined procedure and 15 underwent CEA a few days before CABG. In group B, all patients underwent CEA, 1 to 3 months after CABG, also under general anesthesia and with systematic carotid shunting.

Results:Two patients (one in each group) died of cardiac failure in the postoperative period. Operative mortality was 1.0% in group A and 1.1% in group B (P = .98). No strokes occurred in group A vs seven ipsilateral ischemic strokes in group B, including three immediate postoperative strokes and four late strokes, at 39, 50, 58, and 66 days, after CABG. These late strokes occurred in patients for whom CEA find more was further delayed due to an incomplete sternal wound healing or because of completion of a cardiac rehabilitation program. The 90-day stroke and death rate was 1.0%

(one of 94) in group A and 8.8% (eight of 91) in group B (odds ratio [OR], 0.11; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.01-0.91; P = .02). Logistic regression analysis showed that only delayed buy FK506 CEA (OR, 14.2; 95% CI, 1.32-152.0; P = .03) and duration of cardiopulmonary bypass (OR, 1.06; 95% CI, 1.02-1.11; P = .004) reliably predicted stroke or death at 90 days.

Conclusions: This study suggests that previous or simultaneous CEA in patients Clomifene with unilateral severe asymptomatic carotid stenosis undergoing CABG could prevent stroke better than delayed CEA, without increasing the overall surgical risk. (J Vase Surg 2011;54:993-9.)”
“Acute pancreatitis (AP) is an inflammatory disease of the pancreas, which evolves in approximately 20% of the patients to a severe illness associated with a high mortality

rate. In this study, we performed a comparative proteomic analysis of pancreatic tissue extracts from rats with AP and healthy rodent controls in order to identify changes in protein expression related to the pathobiological processes of this disease. Pancreatic extracts from diseased and controls rats were analyzed by 2-DE and MS/MS. A total of 125 proteins were identified from both samples. Comparative analysis allowed the detection of 42 proteins or protein fragments differentially expressed between diseased and control pancreas, some of them being newly described in AP. Interestingly, these changes were representative of the main pathobiological pathways involved in this disease. We observed activation of digestive proteases and increased expression of various inflammatory markers, including several members of the a-macroglobulin family. We also detected changes related to oxidative and cell stress responses. Finally, we highlighted modifications of 14-3-3 proteins that could be related to apoptosis regulation.