“
“Oxidative and cytotoxic damage play an important role in cerebral ischemic pathogenesis and may represent a target for treatment. Recent studies have indicated that sonic hedgehog

(Shh) signaling could protect neurons against oxidative stress by increasing superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) activity. Glioma-associated oncogene homolog 1 (Gli1) and patched-1 (Ptch1) are both components and transcriptional targets of the Shh pathway. Here, we designed this study to determine the effect of inhibition of Shh pathway on the development of cerebral ischemia injury. Male. Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion Adavosertib manufacturer (pMCAO). Cyclopamine (0.18 mg/kg), the classical inhibitor of Shh signaling, was stereotactic injected into the lateral cerebral ventricle immediately after pMCAO. At 24 h neurological deficit was evaluated using a modified six point scale; brain water content was measured: infarct size was analyzed with 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium INCB024360 cost chloride (Tit). Immunohistochemistry, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Western Blotting and activity assay were used to analyze the

expression of Gli1. Ptch1 and SOD1. Compared with Vehicle group, cyclopamine down-regulated Gli1, Ptch1 and SOD1 in pMCAO-affected brain tissue (P<0.05), and increased infarct volume (P<0.05), brain water content (P<0.05) and behavioral deficits (P<0.05). Collectively, the present results suggest that inhibition of Shh signaling pathway exacerbated rat ischemic damage caused by pMCAO, which may be correlated with down-regulated expression of Gli1, Ptch1 and SOD1. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Background Although methamphetamine

abuse has been associated with cognitive deficits, few studies have investigated the acute effects of the drug on complex cognitive performance. This study evaluated the acute effects of intranasal methamphetamine on a computerized task measuring metacognition of agency.

Procedure Ten nontreatment seeking methamphetamine abusers (2F, 8M) completed this four-session, within-participant, double-blind laboratory study; during each session, participants Non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase received one of four doses (0, 12, 25, or 50 mg/70 kg) and completed the metacognition of agency task. In this task, participants were instructed to “”catch”" falling targets with a mouse and then provide metacognitive judgments about their feelings of control.

Results Following placebo, judgments of agency were greater under optimal task conditions compared with less than optimal task conditions. Relative to placebo, the 12-mg dose improved task performance, increased judgments of agency under the optimal condition, and decreased judgments of agency under the less than optimal condition. By contrast, the larger doses (25 and 50 mg) increased judgments of agency only under the optimal condition but disrupted performance under the less than optimal condition.

“
“Exposure to an enriched environment (EE) enhances neurogenesis and regulates emotionality. Previous reports have revealed that the rate of neurogenesis can be influenced by various environmental, endocrine, SGC-CBP30 supplier and pharmacologic stimuli. Chronic pain is a debilitating disease state characterized by complex alterations in both peripheral and central nociceptive pathways. In the present

study, we evaluated the effect of chronic pain on environmental enrichment-induced hippocampal neurogenesis. Nerve-ligated mice were housed either in a standard environment or in the EE for 4 weeks. EE increased the immunoreactivity for doublecortin (DCX), a marker for immature neuron-positive cells, in the dentate gyrus (DG). Furthermore, the number of NeuroD (a neurogenic basic helix-loop-helix factor)-positive cells, in the DG was clearly increased by EE. Under these conditions, chronic pain suppressed Torin 1 cost enriched environment-mediated induction of both DCX- and NeuroD-labeled cells. These results suggest that chronic pain has stress-like damaging modulatory effects on hippocampal neurogenesis.

(C) 2008 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Purpose: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a leading cause of nosocomial respiratory tract, urinary tract and skin infections. Data are sparse on the antimicrobial resistance of P. aeruginosa in Egypt. We sought to detect and compare the antimicrobial susceptibility of P. aeruginosa isolates from respiratory tract, urinary tract and skin infections at 3 Egyptian hospitals.

Materials and Methods: Minimum inhibitory concentrations of antibiotics were determined by the agar dilution method.

Results: P. aeruginosa respiratory

tract infections isolates were 100% resistant to ampicillin, ampicillin/sulbactam, amoxicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanate and chloramphenicol, highly resistant to cefuroxime (89%), tetracycline (89%) and azithromycin (84%), and susceptible to norfloxacin (89%), amikacin (84%) and meropenem (68%). P. aeruginosa urinary tract infection isolates were 100% Thiamet G resistant to ampicillin, amoxicillin, chloramphenicol, cefuroxime and tetracycline, highly resistant to amoxicillin/clavulanate (95%), azithromycin (95%), cefalexin (91%) and ampicillin/sulbactam (82%), and susceptible to amikacin (82%), meropenem (73%) and norfloxacin (64%). P. aeruginosa skin infection isolates were 100% resistant to ampicillin and amoxicillin, highly resistant to tetracycline (95%), amoxicillin/clavulanate (95%), cefalexin (87%) and azithromycin (84%), and susceptible to amikacin (87%), norfloxacin (71%) and meropenem (68%). The anti-pseudomonal effect of antibiotics varied among different infection sites only for ampicillin/sulbactam, cefoperazone or chloramphenicol but not with the other tested antibiotics.

Conclusions: Norfloxacin and amikacin could be used for initial therapy for P. aeruginosa mediated respiratory tract infections.

Particulate microemboli are thought buy Palbociclib to be the most damaging. With the use of multifrequency transcranial Doppler ultrasound, we compared the number and nature of microemboli in recipients of biologic and

mechanical aortic valve prostheses.

Methods: The middle cerebral arteries of 60 patients were monitored bilaterally with a new- generation transcranial Doppler ultrasound (Embo-Dop, DWL Elektronische Systeme GmbH, Singen, Germany) that rejects artefacts online and automatically discriminates between solid and gaseous microemboli. All recordings were performed during a 30-minute period 1 day before and at a mean of 5 days and 3 months after isolated aortic valve replacement with a biologic ( 30, group B) or mechanical ( 30, group M) prosthesis.

Results: The patients in group B were older, with a mean age of 70.6 +/- 9.7 years versus 55.4 +/- 9.4 years ( P < .005) in the patients in group M. Biologic prosthesis recipients were all taking aspirin ( no warfarin); patients with mechanical valves were well anticoagulated with warfarin both 5 days and 3 months after surgery. None of the patients had solid microemboli preoperatively. Five days postoperatively, the absolute number of cerebral microemboli was 145 and 594 for total microemboli ( P = .001) and 41 and 182 for solid microemboli ( P = .002) in groups B and M, respectively. At

3 months, the absolute number was 65 and 608 for total microemboli ( P < .001) and 10

and 188 for solid microemboli ( P < .001) in groups B and M, respectively. Solid https://www.selleckchem.com/products/gs-9973.html microemboli accounted for 16% of the total microembolic load in group B compared with 31% in group M (P = .05) at 3 months.

Conclusions: Solid cerebral microemboli represent approximately one third of the total cerebral microembolic load after mechanical aortic valve replacement and are detectable in the Baricitinib majority of such patients both 5 days and 3 months after surgery. The neurofunctional consequences of this phenomenon should be carefully assessed.”
“Alexithymic individuals have difficulties in identifying and verbalizing their emotions. The amygdala is known to play a central role in processing emotion stimuli and in generating emotional experience. In the present study automatic amygdala reactivity to facial emotion was investigated as a function of alexithymia (as assessed by the 20-Item Toronto Alexithymia Scale). The Beck-Depression Inventory (BDI) and the State-Trait-Anxiety Inventory (STAI) were administered to measure participants’ depressivity and trait anxiety. During 3 T fMRI scanning, pictures of faces bearing sad, happy, and neutral expressions masked by neutral faces were presented to 21 healthy volunteers. The amygdala was selected as the region of interest (ROI) and voxel values of the ROI were extracted, summarized by mean and tested among the different conditions.

All rights reserved.”
“It

is well established that estrogen administration during neonatal development can advance pubertal onset and prevent the maintenance of regular estrous cycles in female rats. This treatment paradigm also eliminates the preovulatory rise of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH). It remains unclear, however, through which of the two primary forms of the estrogen receptor (ER alpha or ER beta) this effect is mediated. It is also unclear whether endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) Selleckchem LY333531 can produce similar effects. Here we compared the effect of neonatal exposure to estradiol benzoate (EB), the ER alpha specific agonist 1,3,5-tris(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-propyl-1H-pyrazole (PPT), the ER beta specific agonist diarylpropionitrile (DPN) and the naturally occurring EDCs genistein (GEN) and equol (EQ) on pubertal onset, estrous QNZ supplier cyclicity, GnRH activation, and kisspeptin content in the anteroventral periventricular

(AVPV) and arcuate (ARC) nuclei. Vaginal opening was significantly advanced by EB and GEN. By 10 weeks post-puberty, irregular estrous cycles were observed in all groups except the control group. GnRH activation, as measured by the percentage of immunopositive GnRH neurons that were also immunopositive for Fos, was significantly lower in all treatment groups except the DPN group compared to the control group. GnRH activation was absent in the PIT group. These data suggest that neonatal exposure to EDCs can suppress GnRH 2-hydroxyphytanoyl-CoA lyase activity in adulthood, and that ER alpha plays a pivotal role in this process. Kisspeptins (KISS) have recently been characterized to be potent stimulators of GnRH secretion.

Therefore we quantified the density of KISS immunolabeled fibers in the AVPV and ARC. In the AVPV, KISS fiber density was significantly lower in the EB and GEN groups compared to the control group but only in the EB and PPT groups in the ARC. The data suggest that decreased stimulation of GnRH neurons by KISS could be a mechanism by which EDCs can impair female reproductive function. (c) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“It has been postulated that dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), a major dopamine metabolite, and nitric oxide ((center dot)NO) induce mitochondrial dysfunction in a synergistic manner. We examined the combined effects of (center dot)NO and DOPAC on PC-12 cells in terms of cell viability, nuclear morphology, mitochondrial parameters and cell death mechanisms. The apoptotic cell death induced by the (center dot)NO-donor, S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP), was differently modulated by DOPAC as a function of DOPAC/cell ratios. Whereas below 200 nmol/10(6) cells, DOPAC inhibited a typical apoptotic pathway induced by exposure the cells to the (center dot)NO donor, above 200 nmol DOPAC/10(6) cells, the cell death was not only enhanced but encompassed a distinct mechanism. Loading the cells with dopamine mimicked the effects of DOPAC.

We compared two different methods, fluorescence in situ hybridization

staining and SYTO11 staining, 4-Hydroxytamoxifen ic50 to describe these new Wolbachia infections in C7-10.

Methods and Results:

Both staining methods were as efficient to stain Wolbachia. A formula was developed to quantify Wolbachia infection. The infection levels in C7-10B and C7-10R differed. The live stain SYTO11 was found to be useful to visualize Wolbachia in replicating host cells. Its potential cytotoxic effect at high concentration was investigated.

Conclusions:

C7-10 supported two Wolbachia infections, constituting new tools to study Wolbachia-host interactions. The different infection levels suggest that wRi and wAlbB have different requirements for their survival in C7-10 host cell line. Observation of SYTO11-stained live cells gave new insights on Wolbachia segregation pattern during host cell mitosis.

Significance and Impact of the Study:

Wolbachia-induced phenotypes in their arthropod and worm hosts could potentially be used to control pest populations. However, the mechanisms underlying these phenotypes are difficult to study because of Wolbachia’s intracellular lifestyle. The Wolbachia infections

in C7-10 described here could be used as in vitro models to investigate Wolbachia biology.”
“Strategic recollection refers to control processes that allow the retrieval of information that is relevant buy GSK2118436 for a specific situation. These processes can be studied in memory exclusion tasks, which require the retrieval of particular

kinds of episodic information. In the current study, we investigated strategic recollection in reality monitoring by event-related potentials (ERPs). Participants studied object words, followed by a picture of the denoted object (perceive Florfenicol condition) or followed by the instruction to imagine such a picture (imagine condition). At test, subjects had to identify words of one study condition and to reject words of the second study condition together with newly presented items. Data analysis showed that object names were better identified when items of the perceive condition were targeted. In this test condition, a left parietal old/new effect (the ERP correlate of recollection) was observed only in response to targets. In contrast, both targets and nontargets elicited this old/new effect when items of the imagine condition were targeted. The magnitude of the left parietal old/new effect to nontargets in this condition (but no other left parietal old/new effect) correlated positively with the discrimination indices of both test conditions. In addition, ERPs to targets and nontargets differed at right frontal electrode sites at longer latencies (1500-1800 ms), with more positive ERPs for targets. Findings indicate that subjects retrieved nontarget information in the more difficult task condition, while they relied on target information alone in the less difficult task.

We defined a poor initial response to darbepoetin alfa (which occurred in 471 patients) as the lowest quartile of percent change in hemoglobin level (<2%) after the first two standardized CP-690550 order doses of the drug.

Results: Patients who had

a poor initial response to darbepoetin alfa had a lower average hemoglobin level at 12 weeks and during follow-up than did patients with a better hemoglobin response (a change in hemoglobin level ranging from 2 to 15% or more) (P<0.001 for both comparisons), despite receiving higher doses of darbepoetin alfa (median dose, 232 microg vs. 167 microg; P<0.001). Patients with a poor response, as compared with those with a better response, had higher rates of the composite cardiovascular end point (adjusted hazard ratio, TH-302 nmr 1.31; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.09 to 1.59) or death (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.12 to 1.78).

Conclusions: A poor initial hematopoietic response to darbepoetin alfa was associated with an increased subsequent risk of death or cardiovascular events as doses were escalated to meet target hemoglobin levels. Although the mechanism of this differential effect is not

known, these findings raise concern about current target-based strategies for treating anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease. (Funded by Amgen; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00093015.)

N Engl J Med 2010;363:1146-55.”
“Gene regulatory networks (GRN) are being studied with increasingly precise quantitative tools and can provide a testing ground for ideas regarding the emergence and evolution of complex biological networks. We analyze the global statistical

properties of the transcriptional regulatory network of the prokaryote Escherichia coli, identifying each operon with a node of the network. We propose a null model for this network using the content-based approach applied earlier to the eukaryote Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Balcan et al., 2007). Random sequences that represent promoter regions Docetaxel clinical trial and binding sequences are associated with the nodes. The length distributions of these sequences are extracted from the relevant databases. The network is constructed by testing for the occurrence of binding sequences within the promoter regions. The ensemble of emergent networks yields an exponentially decaying in-degree distribution and a putative power law dependence for the out-degree distribution with a flat tail, in agreement with the data. The clustering coefficient, degree-degree correlation, rich club coefficient and k-core visualization all agree qualitatively with the empirical network to an extent not yet achieved by any other computational model, to our knowledge. The significant statistical differences can point the way to further research into non-adaptive and adaptive processes in the evolution of the E. coli GRN. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

In an earlier study using four Rorschach stimuli, the two stimuli that elicited feelings of movement were associated with mu suppression. In this study, we replicated this relationship using all 10 Rorschach stimuli while overcoming a number of other earlier limitations. The results strongly support the hypothesis that internal representation of the feeling of movement is sufficient to suppress the mu rhythm even when minimal external cues are present.

This outcome increases the generalizability and ecological validity of this approach and gives support to the traditional interpretation of the Rorschach human movement responses selleck kinase inhibitor as being associated with cognitive functioning, empathy, and social cognition. NeuroReport 22: 223-226 (C) 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.”
“Purpose: We investigated the effect of rectal distention on lower urinary tract function.

Materials

and Methods: Children were assigned to a constipation and lower urinary tract symptoms group or to a lower urinary tract symptoms only group. The definition of constipation was based on pediatric Rome III criteria. Standard urodynamics were done initially and repeated during simultaneous barostat pressure controlled rectal balloon distention and after balloon deflation. We evaluated the effects of rectal balloon inflation and deflation on urodynamic parameters. Colonic transit time measurement, Compound C purchase anorectal manometry and the Parenting Rating Scale of child behavior were also used.

Results: We studied 7 boys and 13 girls with a median age of 7.5 years who had constipation and lower urinary tract symptoms, and 3 boys and 3 girls with a median age of 7.5 years who had lower urinary tract symptoms only. Urodynamic patterns of response to rectal distention were inhibitory in

6 children and stimulatory in 12, and did not change in 8. In 54% of the cases balloon deflation reversed balloon inflation changes while in 46% balloon inflation changes persisted or progressed. No significant differences were noted in children with PR-171 clinical trial vs without constipation and no clinical symptom or diagnostic study predicted the occurrence, direction or degree of bladder responses.

Conclusions: In almost 70% of children with lower urinary tract symptoms rectal distention significantly but unpredictably affected bladder capacity, sensation and overactivity regardless of whether the children had constipation, and independent of clinical features and baseline urodynamic findings. Urodynamics and management protocols for lower urinary tract symptoms that fail to recognize the effects of rectal distention may lead to unpredictable outcomes.”
“Papez circuit is one of the major pathways of the limbic system, and it is involved in the control of memory and emotion. Structural and functional alterations have been reported in psychiatric, neurodegenerative, and epileptic diseases.

METHODS

We performed a meta-analysis of 11 general-population studies (with 90,750 participants) and 5 studies of cohorts with chronic kidney disease (2960 participants) for whom standardized measurements of serum creatinine and cystatin C were available. 4SC-202 price We compared the association of the eGFR, as calculated by the measurement of creatinine

or cystatin C alone or in combination with creatinine, with the rates of death (13,202 deaths in 15 cohorts), death from cardiovascular causes (3471 in 12 cohorts), and end-stage renal disease (1654 cases in 7 cohorts) and assessed improvement in reclassification with the use of cystatin C.

RESULTS

In the general-population cohorts, the prevalence of an eGFR of less than 60 ml per minute per 1.73 m(2) of body-surface area was higher with the cystatin C-based

eGFR than with the creatinine-based eGFR (13.7% vs. 9.7%). Across all eGFR JQ-EZ-05 categories, the reclassification of the eGFR to a higher value with the measurement of cystatin C, as compared with creatinine, was associated with a reduced risk of all three study outcomes, and reclassification to a lower eGFR was associated with an increased risk. The net reclassification improvement with the measurement of cystatin C, as compared with creatinine, was 0.23 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.18 to 0.28) for death and 0.10 (95% CI, 0.00 to 0.21) for end-stage renal disease. Results were generally similar for the five cohorts with chronic kidney disease and when both creatinine and cystatin C were used to calculate the eGFR.

CONCLUSIONS

The use of cystatin C alone or in combination with creatinine strengthens the association between the eGFR and the risks of death and end-stage renal disease across diverse populations.”
“Background: Variceal bleeding is an acute medical emergency Acyl CoA dehydrogenase with high mortality. Although less common

than oesophageal variceal haemorrhage, gastric variceal bleeding is more severe and more difficult to control. The optimal therapy for gastric variceal bleeding remains unclear although endoscopic injection of N-Butyl-2-Cyanoacrylate (Histoacryl) glue is often used. However, its long-term efficacy is poorly described. We studied the immediate and long-term effects of Histoacryl glue injection as treatment for bleeding gastric varices in a large UK hospital.

Method: Endoscopy records and case notes were used to identify patients receiving Histoacryl injection for gastric variceal bleeding over a 4-year period.

Results: Thirty-one patients received Histoacryl for gastric variceal bleeding. Seventy-four per cent patients had alcohol-related liver disease and 61% of cirrhotics were Childs Pugh grade B or C. Fifty-eight per cent were actively bleeding during the procedure with 100% haemostasis rates achieved.

Lgr8 transcripts were also detected in frontal and motor cortices. The comparative distribution of LGR8 (receptor protein) was examined by autoradiography of [(125)I]-human INSL3 binding sites, with high densities detected in the thalamus, especially in Pf, and in the entire striatum-the caudate putamen (CP mu), islands of Calleja,

olfactory tubercle, nucleus accumbens-with lower levels in distinct layers of cerebral cortex. Notably, these areas also receive dopaminergic projections. These findings demonstrate the existence of LGR8 in neuronal soma in the thalamus and axons/terminals in thalamic target areas such as the striatum and frontal cortex. LGR8 was also detected throughout the medial habenula-fasciculus retroflexus-interpeduncular nucleus pathway, further indicating this website that the Selleckchem NVP-BGJ398 receptor is transported from mRNA-expressing soma to remote axonal/terminal sites. These findings suggest the existence of a broadly distributed LGR8 signaling system in the rat involved in sensorimotor, limbic and cognitive functions. Further studies are now required to elucidate the

precise function of LGR8, under normal and pathological conditions, as importantly, several of the equivalent receptor-positive areas in human brain are part of the pathology of neurodegenerative conditions including Parkinson’s disease. (C) 2008 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Cytoplasmic inclusions in respiratory syncytial

virus-infected cells comprising viral nucleocapsid proteins (L, N, P, and M2-1) and the viral genome are sites of viral transcription. Although not believed to be necessary for transcription, Epothilone B (EPO906, Patupilone) the matrix (M) protein is also present in these inclusions, and we have previously shown that M inhibits viral transcription. In this study, we have investigated the mechanisms for the association of the M protein with cytoplasmic inclusions. Our data demonstrate for the first time that the M protein associates with cytoplasmic inclusions via an interaction with the M2-1 protein. The M protein colocalizes with M2-1 in the cytoplasm of cells expressing only the M and M2-1 proteins and directly interacts with M2-1 in a cell-free binding assay. Using a cotransfection system, we confirmed that the N and P proteins are sufficient to form cytoplasmic inclusions and that M2-1 localizes to these inclusions; additionally, we show that M associates with cytoplasmic inclusions only in the presence of the M24 protein. Using truncated mutants, we show that the N-terminal 110 amino acids of M mediate the interaction with M24 and the subsequent association with nucleocapsids. The interaction or M2-1 with M and, in particular, the N-terminal region or m may represent a target for novel antivirals that block the association of M with nucleocapsids, thereby inhibiting virus assembly.

Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), a major carcinogen in cigarette smoke, is detected in the cervical mucus

and may interact with HPV. Exposure of cervical cells to high concentrations of BaP resulted in a 10-fold increase in HPV type 31 (HPV31) viral titers, whereas treatment with low concentrations of BaP resulted in an increased number of HPV genome copies but not an increase in virion morphogenesis. BaP exposure also increased HPV16 and HPV18 viral titers. PU-H71 chemical structure Overall, BaP modulation of the HPV life cycle could potentially enhance viral persistence, host tissue carcinogenesis, and permissiveness for cancer progression.”
“Spatial representations rely on different frames of reference. Patients with unilateral neglect may behave as suffering from either egocentric or allocentric deficiency. The neural Substrates representing these reference frames are still under discussion. Here we used a visual search paradigm to distinguish between egocentric and allocentric deficits in patients with right hemisphere cortical lesions. An attention demanding search

task served to divide patients according to egocentric versus allocentric deficits. The results indicate that egocentric impairment was associated with damage in premotor cortex involving the frontal eye fields. Allocentric impairment on the other hand was linked to lesions in more ventral regions near the parahippocampal gyrus (PHG). (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“A carboxy-terminal epitope tag introduced into the coding region of the A/WSN/33 M2 protein MM-102 mouse resulted in a recombinant virus (rWSN M2myc) which replicated to titers similar to those of the parental virus (rWSN) in MDCK cells. The rWSN M2myc virus was attenuated in its ability to induce mortality and weight loss after the intranasal inoculation of BALB/c mice, indicating that the M2 cytoplasmic tail plays a role in virus virulence. Mice infected with rWSN M2myc were

completely protected from subsequent challenge with rWSN, suggesting that epitope tagging of the M2 protein may be a useful way of attenuating influenza A virus strains.”
“In the present paper, we shall review clinical evidence and theoretical models related to anosognosia Etomidate for sensorimotor impairments that may help in understanding the normal processing underlying conscious self-awareness. The dissociations between anosognosia for hemiplegia and anosognosia for hemianaesthesia are considered to give important clinical evidence supporting the hypothesis that awareness of sensory and motor deficits depends on the functioning of discrete self-monitoring processes. We shall also present clinical and anatomical data on four single case reports of patients selectively affected by anosognosia for hemianaesthesia.