Thus, the roles of various steroid hormones deduced from studies of steroid-replaced females do not necessarily tell us what these hormones do in a normal, apply for it gonadally intact female whose steroid levels are constantly changing.32 The analgesic effect of Muscimol was high in proestrus

and estrus stage of the estrous cycle, during which estrogen, progesterone, LH and FSH are in peak levels,33 and 3- hydroxyl-5-pregnan-20-one (3-5- THP) is also elevated.34 Conclusion The findings of the present study demonstrate that the analgesic effects of muscimol is low during the metestrus and diestrus stage of the estrous cycle, when progesterone is elevated and estrogen and LH levels are low. They also show that hyperalgesic effect of picrotoxin Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical is low in the proestrus and estrus stages, when concentrations of progesterone and Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical estradiol are high, and high in the metestrus and diestrus stages, when concentrations of progesterone and estradiol are low. The findings might suggest that estrogen and progesterone might somehow have the ability to reduce the Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical sensitivity to pain. Acknowledgment The authors would like to appreciate the financial support of the study by The Vice-presidency for Research, Shiraz University. Conflict of

Interest: None declared
Dear Editor, There is substantial degree of disagreement regarding the mechanisms of possible association between thyroid dysfunction and Alzheimer’s disease. For example, it is not settled which indicator of thyroid function is the best marker of this relationship. Since thyroid disorders could be Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical considered as treatable risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease, identification of any relationship between them would be of great value. Recent investigations have provided further evidence that not only overt thyroid disorders but also subclinical changes in thyroid function and even thyroid hormone variations within the normal range can influence cognitive performance.1-3 In order to examine possible relationship between thyroid Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical function and Alzheimer’s disease, we did compare serum levels of total thyroxine (T4), total triiodothyronine (T3), T3 resin-uptake (T3Ru) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels of 51 patients with

Alzheimer’s disease, aged 55 years or older, with GSK-3 those of 49 healthy volunteers of similar age who met our exclusion criteria and served as control group. The diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease was performed using Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental disorders, 4th ed (DSM-IV) criteria. Venous blood selleck inhibitor samples were taken for the measurement of serum total T4, total T3 resin uptake (T3Ru) and TSH levels by radioimmunoassay method. Independent t-test was used to compare mean values of age, BMI, and thyroid function indices. The data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS, version 9). A P value of ≤0.05 was considered statistically significant. There were no relations between age, sex or body mass index (BMI) and thyroid function.