36 However, as reported by Arnason et al.,38 it was not possible to identify football-specific buy Everolimus screening tests to identify an increased risk of ankle sprain pre-injury, apart from having sustained a previous ankle strain. This study revealed on AT a tendency towards an increased dorsiflexion angle at touchdown, a trend towards higher external rotation at weight acceptance and for the 30° cut an increased inversion at the beginning

and end of the early acceleration phase. Hence, no clear strategy to support or refute increased ankle injury risk derived out of this study, and further research is needed to fully understand the surface–player effect on the ankle joint. The current study has shown surface-induced alterations occurred in the kinematics of female football players, a more in depth analysis including ground reaction forces, joint kinetics, and EMG could reveal additional information and increase our understanding of the interaction between the female

player and the different surface systems in football-specific situations. It has to be noted that a variety of 3G AT systems exists and the differences in movement between ATs could become greater than between AT and NT.2 Therefore the results of this study can only be applied to the differences ZD1839 between the specific AT and NT used. Athletes wore the same football boot, which they would wear on both surfaces, which might not be the football boot used in match play. However, boot type (studded vs. bladed) did not seem to impart differences in knee loading when used on AT, 39 and this approach allowed an investigation on surface-induced rather than shoe-induced effects. As the movement changes induced by AT are not well understood, and gender related responses might be affected by a variety

of different aspects, such as climatic exposure, boot Chlormezanone type, or playing experience, a number of key research questions remain unanswered, and our understanding of the influence of artificial surfaces needs to be further developed. These investigations should address more factorial approaches as including males and different soccer relevant movements (e.g., straight running vs. cutting with different angles). Finally, the present study investigated only a small sample size, as such, the findings should be interpreted with care and only can point out tendencies towards the discussed kinematic changes. Using a higher sample size could possibly lead to not only similar or decreased effect sizes, but also current non-significant differences could become significant. The overall purpose of this study was to investigate the lower limb kinematics on different surfaces in female football players during an unanticipated cutting manoeuvre. The major finding of this study was that there was no evidence to suggest that there is an increased risk of injury when performing with the same movement speed on an AT.