univariate patterns within each cluster. Additionally, we performed multivariate decoding on each individual cluster found in the GLM to examine if decoding of the attended object category is based on either localized or distributed patterns of cortical Panobinostat mw activation patterns. In cluster-wise decoding (MVA-C), time-series of all voxels in a cluster were averaged

and then used for training and decoding. This analysis was repeated for each cluster found in each subject. Hence, a separate decoder was trained and tested for every cluster. Furthermore, we also computed the anatomical label of voxels used by the decoders by grouping and labeling them using a subject-specific automatic anatomic labeling mask (Tzourio-Mazoyer et al., 2002). We refer to these groups of classifier voxels with the same anatomical labels as regions. A region

may contain one or more voxels that may or may not be spatially adjacent, but crucially each voxel in a region has the same anatomical label. The same procedure was then repeated for all subjects. Any region not activated check details in at least three subjects was dropped from further analysis. We then calculated average percent signal change for attend-face and attend-place trials in voxels in each of these groups. Finally, to examine how the blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal evolved during an attention trial in MVA-W, we calculated percent signal change as a function of TR in face- and place-selective voxels for attend-face and attend-place trials. Face-selective voxels were defined as those voxels that were assigned positive weights by the classifier, whereas place-selective voxels were assigned negative weights. Decoding performance was quantified in terms of accuracy, defined as the percentage

of successfully predicted trials. A trial was regarded successful if the summed log probability for the target picture () exceeded the summed log probability of the non-target picture () for all 12 scans in a trial. Additionally, decoding accuracy was also calculated as a function of time (TR) within each trial to investigate how it evolved over the course of the trial duration. Ibrutinib order Decoding accuracy at a given TR was defined as the percentage of successfully decoded scans at that TR across the group. Furthermore, because the non-feedback condition contained attend-face and attend-place trials, performance for each of these trial types was calculated separately as well. A behavioral test was conducted post hoc to assess the familiarity asymmetry of face and place pictures used in this study. In this web-based test, participants had to rank the familiarity of a picture on a five-point scale. In this way, all 589 pictures used in the study were ranked. In total, 97 participants (25 female) with an average age of 29.6 years (SD = 7.1) took part in this task. Thirty-two participants completed the test, while the remaining participants dropped out after ranking 96 pictures on average.