The OR were adjusted for various confounding factors, such as age and gender. All statistical analyses were carried out using spss software version 11.5 (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA) and tests of statistical significance were two-sided and differences were taken Navitoclax nmr as significant when P-value was < 0.05. The false-positive report probability (FPRP) for statistically significant observations was estimated using the methods described by Wacholder et al.23 Polymorphism phenotyping algorithm (PolyPhen) (http://www.bork.embl-eidelberg.de/PolyPhen/)24,25 was chosen for functional impact prediction of ABCG8 D19H. PolyPhen is a computational

tool for the identification of potentially functional nsSNP. Predictions are based on a combination of phylogenetic, structural and sequence annotation information characterizing a substitution and its position in the protein.26 Molecular modeling studies were carried out to understand the effect of aspartate to histidine www.selleckchem.com/products/R788(Fostamatinib-disodium).html change (rs11887534) on the geometry of

ABCG8 protein. Modeling was carried out using the Modeller and 3D-PSSM program27,28 and superimposition studies were carried out using Discovery Studio version 2.1 (Accelrys, San Diego, CA, USA). Table 1 shows the characteristic profile of gallstone patients and healthy controls. The mean age of gallstone patients and healthy controls was 48.6 ± 11.9 and 49.0 ± 9.8, respectively. Of all the gallstone patients, 63.9% patients were females (Table 1). All the samples analyzed were of the cholesterol type (98.51%), except one that was of the pigment type (1.49%). The individual with the pigment type gallstone was excluded from the study. In our population, the observed genotype Orotidine 5′-phosphate decarboxylase distribution of the ABCG8 D19H polymorphism in healthy controls was consistent with the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. Among healthy controls, the frequencies of wild-type (D) and variant (H) alleles were 0.975 and 0.025, respectively

(Table 2). On comparing the genotype frequency distribution in gallstone patients with that of controls, the frequency of heterozygous DH genotype was considerably higher (10.4%) in gallstone patients than that of controls (5.0%). The difference between the frequencies of both these groups was statistically significant (P = 0.038) and was a conferring risk for the disease (OR = 2.20; 95% CI = 1.1–4.6). Also, at the allele level, there was a significant difference between the frequency distribution of the variant allele (ABCG8 H) in patients and the control group (5.2% and 2.5%, respectively). This frequency difference of the ABCG8‘H’ allele was statistically significant and was a conferring risk (P = 0.043) for cancer (OR = 2.12, 95% CI = 1.2–4.3) (Table 2). To further explore the effect of this polymorphism with respect to the gender of the patients, frequency distribution was analyzed separately in male and female patients.