The differences in the complexity of the CD8+ T-cell response or the influence

of background genes (e.g. extent of IFN-γ production) may account for the results. Using LCMV infection of naïve C57BL-6-PKO mice Lykens et al. recently showed that heightened antigenic stimulation is responsible for exaggerated T-cell activation [[49]]. They suggested that perforin-dependent cytotoxicity, in addition to promoting viral clearance, regulates T-cell activation by modulating Ag presentation [[49]]. Despite the differences in susceptibility of naïve BALB/c and C57BL/6 PKO mice to LCMV infection, we also observed massive CD8+ T-cell expansion and accelerated LCMV-induced mortality in GP33-vaccinated compared with naïve C57BL/6-PKO PI3K inhibitor mice (data not shown). Thus, the vaccine-induced sensitization to mortality associated with PKO memory CD8+ T cells after LCMV infection is not restricted to BALB/c background. In addition, functional exhaustion of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells is not always associated with chronic infection [[50, 51]]. Chronic infection may be pathogen or host specific and it does not necessarily lead to Ag-specific CD8+ T-cell

exhaustion in all the cases. Although we observed lesser degree of “exhaustion” as characterized by TNF and PD-1 expression in GP283-specific CD8+ T cells compared with NP118-specific CD8+ T cells, viral control was not achieved in the absence of perforin in both cases (Fig. 5). In the absence of perforin, the phenotype of GP283-specific CD8+ T cells appeared “less exhausted” at the time we analyzed them could reflect the selleck compound extent that these cells can regulate cytokine production. In addition, it remained to be elucidated whether encounter with antigen is similar between the NP118- and GP283-specific memory CD8+ T

cells in the PKO mice, not just initially, but throughout the infection course. Previous studies using different models of infection showed that protective immunity mediated by pathogen-specific CD8+ T cells did not correlate with immunodominance hierarchies after infection [[36, 37]]. Based on the results with PKO mice vaccinated with dominant NP118 epitope, we expected that massive antigen-specific memory CD8+ T-cell expansion contributed to the LCMV-induced mortality independent of epitope specificity. Interestingly, Protirelin PKO mice vaccinated with subdominant GP283 epitope survived the LCMV infection even though they contained similar starting memory CD8+ T-cell numbers and underwent similar expansion in numbers as NP118-specfic CD8+ T cells. These results suggested that epitope specificity dictates the LCMV-induced mortality in vaccinated PKO mice. Furthermore, we also observed less cytokine dysregulation, in particular IFN-γ, by GP283-specific CD8+ T cells following LCMV infection. It is unclear which specific parameter(s) influence the cytokine profile of these GP283-specific CD8+ T cells and subsequent vaccine-induced mortality in PKO mice.