Sulfur dioxide (SO(2)) and ascorbic acid, when added to wine, are able to reduce the quinones. Alternative options have been assessed for the prevention of oxidation during wine storage; nevertheless, these are not fully understood or commonly accepted. During aging, aldehydes are important intermediates in the chemical transformations signaling pathway occurring in wines, leading to color and flavor changes. In the same way, a range of off-flavors can be formed from wine oxidation. At low concentrations these flavors may add to the complexity of a wine, but as these increase they begin to detract from wine quality. In addition to the major chemical browning involving wine phenols, the main oxidation reactions occurring during grape
juice heating or storage are caramelization and Maillard reaction, which are temperature dependent. Different methods have been proposed in the literature, addressing the complexity
and multi-scale related with the oxidation process, to attempt the quantification of antioxidant activity in wines. These methods can be broadly divided in: i) methods based on chemical reactions and ii) methods based on the chemical-physical properties of antioxidants. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights JAK inhibitor reserved.”
“Purpose: To demonstrate the change in the expression of angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1) in the rat bladder with partial bladder outlet obstruction (P-BOO). Materials and Methods: Bladder specimens were obtained from 12-week-old Wistar female rats that were divided into two groups, a P-BOO group and a control group. The rats of the P-BOO group were divided into six groups: a sham-operated control group, 1 day postoperatively, 2 days postoperatively, 4 days postoperatively, 7 days postoperatively and 14 days postoperatively. The cystometric findings and immunohistochemical staining of the detrusor muscle with the All antibody were compared in each group. Results: AT1 localized on the cell membrane of the detrusor smooth muscle and in cytoplasm of suburothelial myofibroblasts in the control rats. The
expression of AT1 disappeared in the detrusor muscle and suburothelial myofibroblasts in P-BOO, but AT1 was highly expressed in urothelial cells 1 day after surgery. The expression of AT1 in urothelial cells gradually GDC-0449 Stem Cells & Wnt inhibitor decreased with time after surgery. AT1 completely disappeared in urothelial cells 14 days after surgery. Conclusions: The present study demonstrated that the site of AT1 expression changes in response to the mechanical stress caused by P-BOO, and finally there was no expression of All in rat bladder tissue following P-BOO. These data suggest the change in AT1 expression may play a role in bladder function. Copyright (c) 2012 S. Karger AG, Basel”
“The present study was aimed to compare term versus preterm placental pathologies associated with fetal growth restriction (FGR).
A retrospective cohort study was performed, including all singleton deliveries of FGR with placental pathology examination.