solani was evaluated at different concentrations (Fig. 3). The inhibition varied according to the type of antagonistic fungal isolate. This inhibition increased proportionally with the filtrate concentration of the antagonist isolate. The greatest inhibition was observed with T. atroviride culture filtrates. This Galunisertib experiment revealed that potato seed tubers planted in a substrate inoculated with both R. solani and antagonist germinated within 1 week.

The emergence of potato seed tubers was significantly low as compared with those planted in pots containing antagonist fungal isolates (data not shown) or compared with the control treatment (only treated with pathogen). In the case of pots uninfected with pathogen (untreated control), seed tubers planted in the presence of antagonistic fungal isolates started emerging at the same time as the untreated control. AZD9291 manufacturer Compared with the inoculated, untreated control, plants receiving antagonist isolates had a significantly reduced index of stem disease (Table 3). The highest

disease index of R. solani in stems was observed in the infected control treatment (4.46). The disease index differed significantly among the different treatments, ranging from T. atroviride (0.1), E. nigrum E8 (1.13), E. nigrum E18 (1.80), E. nigrum E1 (1.86), Phomopsis sp. (1.86) to A. longipes (2.86), with the untreated control at unity (1.00). The highest severity of disease was observed in the infected and noninoculated treatment (0.89) followed by A. longipes, Phomopsis sp., E. nigrum E18, E. nigrum E1, E. nigrum E8, and T. atroviride and the untreated control (0.57, 0.37, 0.36, 0.36, 0.22, 0.20, and 0.20, respectively). All treatments that were inoculated with R. solani and treated with antagonist had a significantly higher yield than the inoculated treatment (R. solani alone). The highest tuber weight (yield) was recorded in T. atroviride (211 g per plant), followed by the untreated treatment (199 g per plant), and then E. nigrum E8, E. nigrum E18, E. nigrum E18, A. longipes,

and Phomopsis sp. Results also showed significant differences in fresh weight, plant height, and root weight depending on the treatment. The best results were observed for treatments based using T. Demeclocycline atroviride or E. nigrum and the untreated control (results not shown). Our findings show that fungal endophytes have significant antagonistic activity against R. solani when tested by an in vitro dual culture. These fungi were identified as T. atroviride, Phomopsis sp., A. longipes, and E. nigrum (E1, E8, and E18) using ITS regions of rDNA. The inhibition rate varied significantly according to the type of antagonist. The highest inhibition rate against R. solani was recorded using T. atroviride, followed by Phomopsis sp., A. longipes, and three E. nigrum isolates.