Regulation of these enzymes is probably due to an increased NADP:NADPH ratio. The activity of click here the first enzyme, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, is known to be regulated by NADP:NADPH levels [50]. Larochelle et al. [51] showed in yeast that transcription of the corresponding gene was also affected by the NADPH level and they attributed this to a transcription factor Stb5. The yeast cell regulates the metabolism to counteract a high NADP:NADPH ratio by up-regulating the PPP and down-regulating glycolysis [51], which neatly corresponds to the changes we have observed in these pathways. A. niger needs a supply of NADPH for several anabolic and biosynthetic processes

as well as for protection against oxidative stress. A supply of NADPH is for example required in order to utilize nitrate as nitrogen source, since the enzyme that converts nitrate to nitrite, nitrate reductase, uses NADPH as cofactor [44]. On SL, we observed higher levels of enzymes this website involved in fatty acid biosynthesis, ammonium

assimilation and protection against oxidative stress, those activities may increase the NADP:NADPH ratio [52]. As mentioned previously, we observed a higher level of a fatty acid PRN1371 in vitro synthase subunit alpha on SL (cl. 35) that requires NADPH in order to catalyse the biosynthesis of fatty acids. We also identified NADP-dependant glutamate dehydrogenase [UniProt: A2QHT6] involved in ammonium assimilation and thioredoxin reductase [UniProt: A2Q9P0] that utilises NADPH to reduce

thioredoxin during conditions with oxidative stress; both had tendencies for higher levels on SL (cl. 4). Furthermore, the polyketide synthase involved in FB2 biosynthesis uses NADPH as cofactor [13] and that may also affect the NADP:NADPH ratio. These results show a clear tendency towards increased NADPH turnover and regeneration during growth on SL. Relation between regulated proteins and FB2 GNA12 biosynthesis The identified proteins regulated on SL were mainly enzymes in the primary metabolism and other processes that likely affect the intracellular levels of acetyl-CoA or NADPH. The higher FB2 production on SL is thus most likely a result of changes in the metabolism due to lactate degradation. Acetyl-CoA is a precursor for production of FB2 as well as for other polyketide-derived metabolites [13]. High level of acetyl-CoA during growth on SL may thus be what drives the high FB2 production. This is supported by the observation that pyruvate had a similar effect as lactate on FB2 production. A good ability to regenerate NADPH when the NADP:NADPH ratio is increased may be an important prerequisite for the high FB2 production on SL. However, the effect of added lactate to a medium containing starch on FB2 production was dramatic and not expected to be solely precursor-driven.