On the other hand, we showed that some OATPs (OATP2A1, OATP3A1, OATP4A1, and OATP5A1) become upregulated in primary and metastatic liver cancer as compared to nonmalignant liver. In these patients, OATP-derived immunoreactivity

is located in the plasma membranes and, occasionally, in the cytoplasm of tumor cells. In some tumors, staining is also seen in bile duct cells and in stromal cells [37]. This pattern suggests that particular OATPs might be necessary to supply tumor cells with nutrients, hormones, or tissue factors in cells working in a close interaction between Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical the tumor and its environment. These OATPs might be further exploited for the discovery of novel anticancer agents [38]. 9. Members of the OATP Family: Role in the Transport of Anticancer Drugs and Hormones 9.1. OATP1A2 Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical OATP1A2 (gene symbol, SLCO1A2) mediates the cellular uptake of a wide range of endogenous substrates including estrogen conjugates,

DHEAS, thyroid hormones, prostaglandins, and bile acids. These groups are “typical OATP substrates” as they are transported by the vast majority of OATPs. But there is a diverging affinity for individual drugs. Figure 3 gives an overview on anticancer drugs as substrates for individual OATPs (see [2]). OATP1A2 is also a transporter for many drugs, including statins, morphine derivates, and Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical antibiotics. Importantly, the folate antimetabolite Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical methotrexate and imatinib, a drug applied for many forms of leukemia, are OATP1A2 substrates [6]. This OATP is highly expressed at physiological

barriers, for example, blood-brain barrier, the brush border membrane of the distal nephron, bile duct cells, and endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier, and in the apical membranes of epithelial cells in the small intestine, suggesting a particular role of this OATP in drug disposition. OATP1A2 levels are low in all regions of the intestine [38, 39], but the transporter Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical colocalizes with MDR1 to the brush border domain of enterocytes [40]. Therefore, OATP1A2 could be of pharmacological relevance if the levels of this OATP are induced by pharmacological administration of, for example, Vitamin D(3) or pregnane-X-receptor (PXR) ligands [41]. The bioavailability of oral applied anticancer drugs, for example, imatinib, and drugs given frequently to cancer Entinostat patients, like deltorphin II and nadolol, could be influenced by the induction of selleck inhibitor intestinal OATP1A2 [42]. Interaction between OATP1A2 substrates may change intracellular concentrations of drugs which may influence the efficacy of the therapy and/or lead to serious side effects. According to its localization in the basolateral membrane of the distal nephron, it may also regulate the renal excretion of anticancer drugs. This is suggested from the finding that SLCO1A2 mutations influence the imatinib clearance in patients with selleck chemical Volasertib chronic myeloid leukemia [42].