Moreover, rates of response in the extinction components less precisely reflected previous training in the mindfulness group, suggesting less resurgence of past behaviors after the mindfulness induction (Experiment 2).”
“Na,K-ATPase, an ion pump, has been shown to interact with other proteins in signaling complexes in cardiac myocytes, renal and glial cells, and several other cell types. Our Mdivi1 cost previous in vivo studies indicated that intrahippocampal administration of ouabain (QUA), an inhibitor of Na,K-ATPase, induces NF kappa B activation, leading to an increase in mRNA levels of target genes

of this transcription factor in the rat hippocampus. The present work investigated whether QUA can regulate NF-kappa B in primary cultured rat cerebellar cells. Cells were treated with different concentrations of QUA (1, 10 or 100 mu M) for different click here periods of time (1, 2 and 4 h). QUA induced

a time- and concentration-dependent activation of NF kappa B (peak of activation: 10 mu M, 2 h), involving both p50/p65 and p50/p50 NF kappa B dimers. QUA (10 mu M, 2 h) induced upregulation of tumor necrosis factor alpha (Tnf-alpha), interleukin-1 beta(Il-1 beta), and brain derived neurotrophic factor (Bdnf) mRNA levels. Both NF kappa B activation and gene expression activation induced by QUA (10 mu M) were abolished when cells were pre-treated for 20 min with MK-801 (N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist), manumycin A (farnesyltransferase inhibitor), PP-1(Src-family tyrosine kinase inhibitor) and PD98059 (mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor). QUA (10 mu M) alone or in the presence of MK-801, PP-1, PD98059 did not cause cell death or DNA fragmentation. These findings suggest that QUA activates NF kappa B by NMDA-Src-Ras-like protein through MAPK pathways in cultured cerebellar cells. This pathway may mediate an adaptive response in the central

nervous system. Published by Elsevier Ltd.”
“Discriminating same from different multiitem arrays can be represented most as a discrimination between arrays involving low variability and arrays involving high variability. In the present investigation, we first trained pigeons with the extreme values along the variability continuum (arrays containing 16 identical items vs. 16 nonidentical items), and we later tested the birds with arrays involving intermediate levels of variability; we created these testing arrays either by manipulating the combination of same and different items (mixture testing) or by changing the number of items in the same and different arrays (number testing). According to an entropy account (Young & Wasserman, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 23:157-170, 1997), the particular means of changing variability should have no effect on same-different discrimination performance: Equivalent variability should yield equivalent performance.