Exclusion criteria were designed to minimize the influence of comorbid neurological, psychiatric, or other medical conditions (eg, head injuries, current substance abuse, or history of electroconvulsive treat ments) that could mimic symptoms of schizotaxia. Individuals with any lifetime

history of psychosis were excluded from the study. Validation of the syndrome The subjects described above also ref 1 received several clinical interviews and rating scales in addition to tests and ratings for schizotaxia. This allowed us to begin to assess the concurrent, validity of schizotaxia.24 These additional measures included the Quality of Life (QOL) scale, the Social Adjustment. Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical Scale (SAS), the Symptom Checklist-90-Re vised (SCL-90), the Physical Anhedonia (PA) scale, and the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) scale. The SAS, SCL-90, and PA scale were all self-rated, while the QOL and GAF scales were rated by the investigators. The investigator ratings were obtained Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical blindly, as each subject’s group assignment (schizotaxic or nonschizotaxic) was made later, after the independent criteria for schizotaxia were evaluated. Twenty-seven people received full evaluations for schizotaxia in the pilot, study, of whom 19 did not meet criteria and 8 did. Performance on these supplementary scales was assessed by comparing subjects who met criteria for schizotaxia Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical with those who did not. For both self- and investigatorrated

scales, schizotaxic Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical subjects showed consistently poorer clinical or social function in a variety of areas. They rated themselves as significantly more anhedonic on the PA scale than did the nonschizotaxic subjects. Schizotaxic subjects also showed a significantly higher global severity index on the SCL-90, and demonstrated particular elevations on the

obsessive-compulsive, anxiety, and hostility subscales (other subscales, such as depression, paranoia, and psychoticism, did not differ between groups). selleck chem inhibitor Moreover, schizotaxic subjects rated themselves as significantly more impaired on several dimensions of social adjustment, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical as shown by lower scores on the family attachment factor of the SAS, and higher scores on the anxious ruminations factor. Consistent with Brefeldin_A these findings, schizotaxic subjects received significantly lower total ratings on the QOL scale, including the interpersonal relations subscale, and on the GAF scale. Because these findings show that schizotaxia is associated with independent measures of clinical and social function, they provide a measure of concurrent validity for our specific diagnostic criteria. Treatment of spectrum disorders Like schizophrenia, the schizophrenia spectrum disorders consist, to some degree, of a combination of the liability to schizophrenia, (schizotaxia) and additional symptoms (eg, psychosis). Treatment, therefore, must address each of these components.