Curcumin This polyphenol is a curcuminoid found in turmeric spice that has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-tumour

properties (147,148). Curcumin has been shown to work by inhibiting cell invasion (149) and by having anti-inflammatory properties (150). It has been shown to reduce the number and size of ileal and rectal adenomas in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis (151). Flavonoids Apigenin is a flavonoid Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical found in parsley and celery and it has been shown to inhibit colonic carcinogenesis by inducing apoptosis in animal models (152). Cyanidin, a flavonoid in strawberries and cherries has been studied in vitro and in animal models and has also been shown to inhibit colonic GDC-0449 datasheet carcninogenesis (153). Other flavonoids with similar properties include Delphinidin which is found in dark fruit (154) and Genistein which is abundant in Soy beans (155). Quercetin Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical from onions, broccoli and apples has been shown to decrease cell growth by interacting with β-catenin (156) and by induction of apoptosis (157). Citrus fruits contain high levels 5-hydroxy-6,7,8,4′-tetramethoxyflavone and Naringenin

Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical which has been shown to induce apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest of luminal surface colonocytes (158,159). Green tea Green tea is rich in a type of Flavonoids, the Flavonols. Examples include Catechin and Epicatechin. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is the most abundant Catechin in green tea. The benefits have not only been shown in vitro and animal models (113,160-163) but also in large population studies. Consumption Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical of green tea has been associated with a 40% reduction in colorectal cancer risk in a cohort of 69,710 Chinese women (163). Coffee Coffee is a complex blend of hundred of chemicals including anti-oxidants, mutagenic, and anti-mutagenic compounds (164). Additionally, it has been shown to affect gastrointestinal physiology such as stimulating a motor response of the distal colon, reducing faecal transit times and reducing the gut’s exposure to potentially carcinogenic faecal load (165).

Over the last few decades the relationship between coffee and colorectal Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical cancer has been extensively explored (166,167). Outcomes from clinical studies have been inconsistent and no firm guidance has been suggested. Several meta-analyses of cohort and case-control studies found that substantial consumption of coffee is associated with lower risk of colorectal cancer (168-170). Other meta-analyses failed to reconfirm this inverse association (171). Li et al. examined 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase the results of 25 case-control studies and 16 cohort studies in the most recent meta-analysis of the literature. Subgroup analysis of case-control results found a significant decrease in cancer risk, especially in Europe and for females. A subgroup analysis of cohort studies, showed a lower risk of colon cancer in Asian women only (172). There are inconsistencies between case-control and prospective studies as well as noted differences between sex and race.