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“Squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) selleck compound were infected experimentally with the agent of classical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). Two to four years later, six of the monkeys developed alterations in interactive

behaviour and cognition and other neurological signs typical of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE). At necropsy examination, the brains from all of the monkeys showed pathological changes similar to those described in variant Creutzfeldt Jakob disease (vCJD) of man, except that the squirrel monkey brains contained no PrP-amyloid plaques typical of that disease. Constant neuropathological features included spongiform degeneration, gliosis, deposition of abnormal prion protein (PrPTSE) and many deposits of abnormally phosphorylated tau protein (p-Tau) in several areas of the cerebrum and cerebellum. Western blots showed large amounts of proteinase K-resistant prion protein in the central

nervous system. The striking absence of PrP plaques (prominent in brains of cynomolgus macaques [Macaca fascicularis] with experimentally-induced BSE and vCJD and in human patients with vCJD) reinforces the conclusion that the host plays a major role in determining the neuropathology of TSEs. Results of this study suggest that p-Tau, found in the brains of all BSE-infected monkeys, might play a role in the pathogenesis of TSEs. Whether p-Tau contributes to development of disease or appears as a secondary change late in the course MLN2238 mouse BEZ235 manufacturer of illness remains to be determined. Published by Elsevier Ltd.”
“Three packing materials for sulfur oxidizing denitrification packed bed systems seeded with acclimated anoxic sludge were evaluated. Two porous media were prepared via thermal fusion with sodium bicarbonate as porogen: sulfur fused with powdered (1) calcium carbonate (CaCO(3))(SCa) and (2) oyster shell (SCr). Randomly packed sulfur and limestone granules (S + L) media were used as the control. Results revealed that SCr is the most suitable media as it exhibited

the highest nitrate removals and lowest nitrite accumulation. It has macrovoidal pores which facilitated microbial attachment. Additionally, SCr had the highest CaCO(3) loading per unit volume and highest media dissolution rate which was favorable to avert pH decrease. But due to high denitrification activity, high sulfate levels in SCr may necessitate a post-treatment step prior to effluent discharge. Due to poor biomass attachment, S + L is most sensitive to change in fluid flow condition. As hydraulic retention time is decreased, S + L exhibited intensive and irreversible performance decline. Inferior denitrification performance of SCa was mainly clue to low CaCO(3) loading per unit volume, low dissolution kinetics and low alkalinity consumption by denitrifiers.