Consistent with an altered arousal-cognition relationship in GRM2/3(-/-) mice, injection stress worsened appetitively motivated, spatial working memory in wild-types, but enhanced performance in GRM2/3(-/-) mice. GRM2/3(-/-) mice were also hypoactive in response to amphetamine. This fractionation of hippocampus-dependent memory depending on the appetitive-aversive context is to our knowledge

unique, and suggests a role for group II mGluRs at the interface of arousal and cognition. These arousal-dependent effects may SBI-0206965 explain apparently conflicting data from previous studies, and have translational relevance for the involvement of these receptors in schizophrenia and other disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology (2011) 36,

2616-2628; doi: 10.1038/npp.2011.145; published online 10 August 2011″
“We report a patient, which we believe is the first, with a thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm, Crawford type IV, caused by Q fever (Coxiella burnetii). Treatment consisted of antibiotic therapy started preoperatively and continued postoperatively and an open repair, including resection of the infected aneurysm, replacement with a rifampin-soaked polyester graft, and an ()mental wrap covering the grafts. After 13 months of follow-up, the patient had no signs of infection, and results of laboratory findings were normal. (J Vase Surg 2011;53:1402-4.)”
“Cigarette smoking is a social behavior. Smoking is also accompanied by distinctive gustatory and olfactory stimulation. However, none of these click here factors affecting nicotine intake are modeled in existing preclinical studies. We report a novel model of adolescent nicotine self-administration (SA) in rats where licking on drinking spouts was used as the operant behavior to activate

the concurrent delivery of nicotine (i.v.) and an appetitive olfactogustatory (OG) cue, and social interaction was required for stable SA. The operant chamber was divided by a panel that separated the SA rat and another rat serving as the demonstrator, who had free access to the OG cue but did not receive nicotine. Orofacial contacts were permitted by the divider. Conditioned taste aversion prevented solo rats to self-administer nicotine. However, Palbociclib in vivo stable nicotine (15-30 mu g/kg, free base) SA was established in the presence of demonstrator rats with free access to the OG cue. Omitting the olfactory component of the cue prevented the acquisition of nicotine SA. Mecamylamine, a nicotinic antagonist, reduced licking behavior. Familiar peers were more effective demonstrators in facilitating the acquisition of nicotine SA than were unfamiliar rats. No sex difference in nicotine intake was found. These data indicate that the contingent OG cue is associated with the aversive property of nicotine that prevents subsequent drug intake. Social information encoded in olfaction not only permits the establishment of stable nicotine SA but also enhances nicotine intake.