Bibliography 1 Chong E, et al Ann Acad Med Singapore 2010;39:3

Bibliography 1. Chong E, et al. Ann Acad Med Singapore. 2010;39:374–80. (Level 4)   2. Mehran R, et al. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;44:1393–9. (Level 4)   3. Toprak O. J Urol. 2007;178:2277–83. (Level 1)   Are COX-2-selective NSAIDs recommended as anti-inflammatory/analgesic Z-IETD-FMK mw medications for elderly patients with CKD? A few studies have compared the effects

of COX-2-selective NSAIDs and non-selective NSAIDs on renal function in elderly patients with CKD, and none of these studies has demonstrated any advantage of COX-2-selective NSAIDs. Therefore, minimizing the use of NSAIDs is recommended in elderly patients with CKD, irrespective of whether these drugs are COX-2-selective or non-selective. Bibliography 1. Swan SK, et al. Ann Intern Med. 2000;133:1–9. (Level 2)   2. Gooch K, et al. Am J Med. 2007;120:280.e1–7.

(Level 4)   Chapter 21: Drug administration in CKD Does contrast medium affect the progression of CKD? CIN is generally defined as increases equal to 0.5 mg/dL or higher or increases equal to 25 % or higher in creatinine level at 72 h after the administration of iodinated contrast medium. To avoid the onset of CIN, it is important to predict the risk before the administration of contrast medium. In a cohort study selleck chemicals of 1,144 patients receiving CAG with non-ionic contrast medium, baseline renal Selleck PRN1371 impairment was the only confirmed predictor of CIN, and there was an exponential increase in the

risk of CIN if the baseline creatinine level was 1.20 mg/dL or higher. CIN developed in 381 of 1,980 patients (19.2 %) with CKD (eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2) and in 688 of 5,250 patients (13.1 %) without CKD after PCI. After undergoing contrast-enhanced Pregnenolone CT in an outpatient setting, Weisbord et al. reported that patients with an eGFR level of less than 45 ml/min/1.73 m2 were at a higher risk of CIN. Kim et al. reported that the incidence of CIN was 0.0, 2.9, and 12.1 % in patients with an eGFR of 45–59, 30–44, and <30 mL/min/1.73 m2, respectively. Bibliography 1. Lameire N, et al. Am J Cardiol. 2006;98(suppl):21K–6K. (Level 6)   2. Davidson CJ, et al. Ann Intern Med. 1989;110:119–24. (Level 4)   3. Dangas G, et al. Am J Cardiol. 2005;95:13–9. (Level 4)   4. Rihal CS, et al. Circulation. 2002;105:2259–64. (Level 4)   5. Weisbord SD, et al. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008;3:1274–81. (Level 4)   6. Kim SM, et al. Am J Kidney Dis. 2010;55:1018–25. (Level 3)   Is fluid therapy recommended for the prevention of CIN? At first, a 0.45 % isotonic sodium chloride solution was used for the prevention of CIN.

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