Areas covered include: T-test, chi-square and Fisher exact tests of proportionality, Kaplan-Meier survival curves, the log rank test, and Cox proportional hazards.”
“The impacts of differences in watershed land uses, and differences in seasonality on benthic macroinvertebrate communities, were evaluated in 12 stream sites within the Xitiaoxi River watershed, China, from April 2009 to January 2010. The composition of macroinvertebrate community differed significantly among three land use types. Forested sites were characterized by high taxa richness, diversity and the benthic-index of biotic integrity (B-IBI), while farmland and urban disturbed

stream sites presented SBI-0206965 research buy contrary patterns. The percentage of urban land VX-770 mw use, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, ammonia nitrogen and total phosphorus were the major drivers for the variations. The land use related water quality stress gradients of the four sampling seasons were determined by means of four independent Principal Component Analyses. The responses of macroinvertebrate community metrics, to anthropogenic stressors, were explored using Spearman Rank Correlation analyses. All the selected metrics, including total numbers of taxa, numbers of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera taxa, percentage of non-insect abundance, percentage of scrapers abundance, Pielous evenness index, Simpson diversity index, and the

Benthic Index of Biotic Integrity were correlated significantly with environmental gradients (PC1) in autumn. In other seasons such correlations were less pronounced. Our results imply that autumn is the optimal time to sample macroinvertebrate communities, and to conduct water quality biomonitoring in this subtropical watershed. ((c) 2012 Citarinostat chemical structure WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA,

Weinheim)”
“Nosema ceranae is one of the causative agents of Nosemosis, a severe disease that affects the honeybee Apis mellifera. The aim of the present work was to compare N. ceranae and RNA virus infections in Africanized bees (hybrid of Apis mellifera scutellata and A. m. mellifera) and European (Italian) bees (A. m. ligustica) under field conditions. Africanized and Italian healthy colonies were relocated to an Eucalyptus grandis plantation, a place where colonies inevitably acquire Nosemosis. Fifteen and 30 days after that, all colonies presented N. ceranae spores although Africanized bees were less infected than Italian bees. Sacbrood virus (SBV) and Black queen cell virus (BQCV) were detected in both races of bees, although Africanized bees presented a lower level of BQCV infection than Italian bees. At the end of the flowering period, Africanized colonies had a larger honeybee population and produced more honey than Italian colonies. These results suggest that Africanized bees may be able to limit N. ceranae and BQCV infections within the colony, and that this may allow them to be more productive.