A simplified test measurement system, using only one detector moving from one measurement location to the next, was constructed and applied to therapeutic proton beams of 80-220 MeV. For accurate determination of the distal dose edge, the sigmoidal curve-fitting method was applied to the measured
distributions of the prompt gammas, and then, the location of the half-value between the maximum and minimum value in the curve-fitting was determined as the distal dose edge and compared with the beam range assessed by the proton dose distribution.\n\nResults: The parameterized source term employed PXD101 research buy in optimization process improved the calculation speed by up to similar to 300 times. The optimization study indicates that an array-type measurement system with 3, 2, 2, and 150 mm for scintillator thickness, slit width, septal thickness, and slit length, respectively, can effectively measure the prompt gamma distributions minimizing the contribution of background gammas. The present results show that a few hundred counts of prompt gammas can be easily obtained by measuring 10 s at each measurement location for proton beams of similar to 4 nA. The distal dose edges determined by the prompt gamma distribution are 5.45, 14.73, and 27.74 cm for proton beams of 5.17 (80 MeV), 14.99 (150 MeV), and 27.38 (220 MeV) cm, respectively.\n\nConclusions:
The results show that the array-type measurement BLZ945 molecular weight NVP-LDE225 system can measure prompt gamma distributions from
a therapeutic proton beam within a short measurement time, and that the distal dose edge can be determined within a few millimeters of error without using any sophisticated analysis. (C) 2012 American Association of Physicists in Medicine. [http://dx.doi.org.library.tamiu.edu:2048/10.1118/1.3694098]“
“Importance of the field: Glucagon- like peptide (GLP)-1 receptor agonists are in widespread clinical use for the treatment of diabetes. While effective, these peptides require frequent injections to maintain efficacy. Therefore, alternative delivery methods including gene therapy are currently being evaluated.\n\nAreas covered in this review: Here, we review the biology of GLP-1, evidence supporting the clinical use of the native peptide as well as synthetic GLP-1 receptor agonists, and the rationale for their delivery by gene therapy. We then review progress made in the field of GLP-1 gene therapy for both type 1 and type 2 diabetes.\n\nWhat the reader will gain: Efforts to improve the biological half-life of GLP-1 receptor agonists are discussed. We focus on the development of both viral and non-viral gene delivery methods, highlighting vector designs and the strengths and weaknesses of these approaches. We also discuss the utility of targeting regulated GLP-1 production to tissues including the liver, muscle, islet and gut.\n\nTake home message: GLP-1 is a natural peptide possessing several actions that effectively combat diabetes.