1% was comparable to other studies [17]. However, focusing solely on in-hospital mortality tends to underestimate mortality rates, and in the present study, the relative importance of drugs found in patients who died in hospitals differed from those who died outside hospitals. Furthermore, the pre-hospital treatment of acute poisonings is substantial, and in Oslo, naloxone treatment is given by paramedics on scene [18]. Therefore, hospital statistics are not sufficiently comprehensive when discussing fatal poisonings in the context of prescription policy and drug toxicity. Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical Opiates or opioids were the main toxic agents in two-thirds of all fatal

poisonings during the study period, and heroin or morphine Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical accounted for the majority of these deaths. When compared

with the other Nordic countries, Norway has been shown to have a higher percentage of deaths caused by heroin or morphine: 72% vs. 10% in Finland, 44% in Denmark, and 66% in Sweden in 2002 [1]. In the 2002 study, the mortality rate for fatal overdoses, as well as the absolute number of deaths, was also higher in Norway than in the other Nordic countries [1]. The high mortality rate is probably correlated to the higher percentage of opiate or opioid poisonings, because the majority of drug addicts die of drug-related causes [19,20], as also reflected by the present study. Methadone was found in 6% of the cases in the present study, which included Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical both substance abusers and non-abusers. However, the percentage was 15% in the study from 2002, including substance abusers from the entire country. The figures are small and would therefore be expected to vary over time. A reduction in heroin-associated deaths was followed by an increase in methadone-associated deaths in Hamburg [7] and Denmark [1]. Interestingly, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical the study from Hamburg found that two-thirds of all methadone deaths were drug addicts who had never been in the methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) program. However,

information regarding their MMT status was not available in the present study. The relatively small percentage Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical of methadone-associated deaths compared with the relatively high number of patients in the MMT program in Norway (4319 patients, of whom 699 were in Oslo [21], vs. 2100 in the whole of Sweden [22] in 2003), is not sufficient to dissuade MMT. Roxadustat datasheet Methanol and TCAs had the highest case fatality rate during the study period. Methanol is known to be highly toxic, and in a methanol-poisoning outbreak in Norway from 2002 to 2004, Levetiracetam a 29% mortality rate was found [23]. The methanol poisonings in the present study were part of this outbreak, and the observed 33% deaths per poisoning episode is in accordance with results for the outbreak as a whole. Four fatalities with TCAs were found, and one with SSRIs. The emerging use of SSRIs has led to a recent controversy regarding whether these drugs increase or decrease suicide rates. However, SSRIs were suspected twice as often as TCAs in non-fatal cases.