98 mg), and other nutrients. The tachycardia and hypertension returned to normal after discontinuation of ED consumption. Conclusion Individuals with certain medical conditions (e.g., metabolic syndrome or diabetes mellitus) should avoid consumption of high glycemic drinks and/or foods and therefore should not consume the high calorie versions of ED. It would be prudent for individuals with known cardiovascular disease to avoid altogether their use of ED and/or ES, or other products with known cardio-stimulant effects. While ED containing caffeine and other stimulants may have negative selleck compound effects upon health and cardiac

parameters in individuals with such pre-existing health conditions, the current evidence (although small) suggests that consumption H 89 mouse of ED and ES are safe in healthy populations and similar to ingesting other foods and beverages containing caffeine. Finally, although it is estimated that only 1% of all dietary supplement adverse events are reported to FDA [224], given the number of servings of these products that are consumed daily, the rate of adverse events appears low in the population of consumers. Nevertheless, it is acknowledged that additional short- and long-term studies are needed to better determine any factors that increase

the risk for adverse events. Additionally, since ED often contain several nutrients that contain caffeine and/or Doramapimod other stimulants, care should be taken to make sure that an excessive number of ED are not consumed within a short period of time. Conclusions and recommendations Based on a review of the available scientific and medical literature related to the safety and efficacy of the use of ED or ES, the Research Committee of the Society makes the following conclusions and recommendations. 1. Although ED and ES contain a number of nutrients that are purported to affect mental and/or physical performance, the primary ergogenic nutrients in most ED and ES appear to be carbohydrate and/or caffeine.   2. The ergogenic value of caffeine on mental and

physical performance has been well-established but the potential additive benefits Methocarbamol of other nutrients contained in ED and ES remains to be determined.   3. Consuming ED 10-60 minutes before exercise can improve mental focus, alertness, anaerobic performance, and/or endurance performance.   4. Many ED and ES contain numerous ingredients; these products in particular merit further study to demonstrate their safety and potential effects on physical and mental performance.   5. There is some limited evidence that consumption of low-calorie ED during training and/or weight loss trials may provide ergogenic benefit and/or promote a small amount of additional fat loss. However, ingestion of higher calorie ED may promote weight gain if the energy intake from consumption of ED is not carefully considered as part of the total daily energy intake.   6.