5%) had top hits on nematode sequences, particularly on those from Loa, Brugia and Wuchereria, but only very few on Ascaris or Caenorhabditis, which was congruent with the evolutionary relationship of Oxyspirura with filarioidea, Ascaridida and Rhabditida (see Additional file 1: Table S1 for a complete list of all contigs with annotations and corresponding BLAST top hits). By combining BLAST with InterProScan searches, more than half of the contigs with hits were able to be assigned

into major functional categories (i.e., 121 out of 211 contigs) (Figure 2). The functionally undefined 90 contigs were mainly hypothetical proteins with some containing low complexity sequences. Among the 121 annotatable contigs, the largest group was enzymes

(total 40) that were separated into general enzymes involved in various metabolic pathways (n = 30) and those involved in protein metabolism TSA HDAC nmr such as protein kinases (n = 8) and proteases (n = 2). Examples of enzymes included glycogen synthase (contig QEW_195), glycosyl-transferase (QEW_224), histone acetyltranferase (QEW_156), and succinate dehydrogenase (QEW_315); while those for protein metabolism included a Ulp1 protease family member (QEW_129), as well as protein PXD101 chemical structure kinases in the AGC/NDR (QEW_74), CAM/CAMKL/NUAK (QEW_372) and CK1/WORM6 (QEW_249) families. Fourteen contigs encoded proteins involved in DNA/RNA metabolism, e.g., splicing factor 1 (QEW_306), DNA replication licensing factor Selleckchem Tenofovir mcm-6 (QEW_340), and protein containing double-stranded RNA binding motif (QEW_379). There were 12 contigs containing genes encoding extracellular membrane (ECM) proteins, in which 9 contigs were associated with the nematode-specific cuticle formation, such as cuticle collagen precursors (QEW_58, QEW_59

and QEW_135), cuticulin-1 (QEW_104), and nematode cuticle collage domain containing proteins (e.g., QEW_80 and QEW_386). Other groups include those involved in ribosomal biogenesis (n = 11), molecular interactions (n = 8), ion transporters (n = 6), cytoskeletal proteins (n = 6), membrane proteins associated with cell adhesion (n = 3), and those involved in gene expression (n = 2). Figure 2 Classification of Oxyspirura petrowi genes discovered by the random genome sequence survey by major functional groups (A) or gene ontology (GO) terms (B). A list of gene contigs with annotations is provided in Additional file 1: Table S1. Interestingly, there were three contigs encoding nematode-specific major sperm protein (MSP), which was grouped together with a fic protein under the “cell development” category in Figure 2. There were also three contigs derived from the mitochondrial APO866 manufacturer genomes, including gene fragments encoding cytochrome b, cytochrome c oxidase subunit IV (COX-IV) and NAHD dehydrogenase subunit 5. Finally, 4 contigs were found to contain retroelements, such as tigger transposable element-derived protein 1-like proteins (QEW_112 and QEW_119) and retrotransposon protein (QEW_172).