365699-S, Hs.506230-S, GI_41149683-S, Hs.208111-S, GI_41149726-S, hmm21473-S, Table S1) for ESTs from GenBank in the same genomic window. Data of four ESTs were excluded from the analysis, because their probes did not map completely or uniquely to any target EST sequence of the current GenBank database (GI_37541937-S, hmm21470-S, GI_37541941-S, hmm21472-S). Target sequences of all probes included in expression analyses mapped uniquely and completely to the human genome and are all devoid of known common variations denominated by dbSNP build 129.

Structural MRI with high-resolution T1-weighted images adequate for morphometry was available for 204 patients with recurrent unipolar depression and 186 control subjects. MRI was acquired at the MPI of Psychiatry in the context of the acquisition Dorsomorphin of the Munich recurrent buy I-BET151 unipolar depression replication samples. A detailed description of study participant selection and image processing is available in the Supplemental Experimental Procedures. In brief, image preprocessing was performed as for voxel-based morphometry to gain gray matter (GM) maps with preserved local volume in stereotactic space. Histologically

validated cytoarchitectonic probability maps (Amunts et al., 2005) were used to create regional volumetry masks for the left and right hippocampus and subregions cornu ammonis (CA: CA1–3), subiculum (SUB), and dentate gyrus (DG). The sum of all modulated GM voxels within the regional masks was calculated using in-house software programmed in IDL (http://www.creaso.com). Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was performed for left and right total hippocampal GM volume and each three subregions with two-level factors group (patients, controls), genotype (rs1545843 AA versus AG/GG, equally for rs1081681), and gender, covarying for age, squared age, total GM volume, and sequence type. Levene’s tests for equality of error variances was explored and found nonsignificant for all tests (Figure S4). p values were compared with a Bonferroni-corrected threshold to adjust

for 18 tests (two SNPs, nine volumetric measurements [including motor cortex as control region]: Thalidomide 0.05/18 = 0.0028). Both nominal and corrected p values are indicated in Figure 5 and Table S2. These are discussed in the Supplemental Experimental Procedures. Male CD1 mice were used for all experiments. Animals were 28 days old at the day of arrival and were kept on a 12L:12D cycle. Food and water was provided ad libitum. The experiments were carried out in accordance with European Communities Council Directive 86/609/EEC. All efforts were made to minimize animal suffering during the experiments. The protocols were approved by the committee for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals of the Government of Upper Bavaria, Germany. The chronic social stress procedure was performed as described previously (Schmidt et al., 2007 and Sterlemann et al., 2008) (see Figure S5 and Supplemental Experimental Procedures).