2A). Micro- and AZD9291 cost macrovesicular steatosis occurred after 1 week following alcohol administration compared with wild-type mice receiving an isocaloric diet. Hepatic fat accumulation was markedly

lower in Muc2−/− mice compared with wild-type mice following 1 week of continuous intragastric ethanol feeding (Fig. 2B). This was confirmed by lower hepatic triglycerides in Muc2−/− mice after alcohol administration (Fig. 2C). Plasma triglyceride levels were similar between wild-type and Muc2−/− mice fed an isocaloric and alcohol diet intragastrically for 1 week (Supporting Fig. 2B) suggesting no difference in intestinal lipid absorption. Hepatic oxidative stress was also significantly lower in Muc2−/− mice compared with wild-type mice following 1 week of intragastric alcohol feeding, as supported by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) assay (Fig. 2D) and by staining for 4-hydroxynonenal (Fig. 2E). Thus, Muc2 deficiency, and hence a thinner intestinal mucus layer, ameliorates experimental alcohol-induced steatohepatitis. To explain the different hepatic phenotype, we investigated whether Muc2 deficiency affects the intestinal absorption or hepatic metabolism of alcohol. Plasma alcohol levels were found to be comparable in wild-type and Muc2−/− mice

following 1 week of intragastric alcohol feeding (Fig. 3A). Alcohol Y-27632 ic50 dehydrogenase (Adh) and cytochrome p450 enzyme 2E1 (Cyp2E1) are the two main hepatic enzymes to metabolize alcohol and to convert alcohol to acetaldehyde.29 Microsomal Cyp2E1 protein was similarly up-regulated in the ethanol-treated groups (Fig. 3B). Despite higher hepatic Adh activity in Muc2−/− mice compared with wild-type mice after intragastric administration of an isocaloric diet that was not observed after ethanol administration (Fig. 3C), plasma acetaldehyde levels were not different following 1 week of intragastric alcohol feeding (Fig. 3D). To investigate whether the absence of Muc2 results in a compensatory up-regulation of other intestinal mucins after ethanol administration, intestinal gene and protein expression of several mucins was assessed. Deficiency in Muc2 did not result in a compensatory increase in the thickness of the intestinal Bortezomib mouse mucus layer

following intragastric alcohol feeding (Fig. 4A). There was no significant difference in the gene expression of secreted mucin Muc6 or of membrane-bound mucins (such as Muc1 and Muc4) in Muc2−/− mice relative to wild-type mice after 1 week of intragastric feeding of ethanol (Fig. 4B). These findings were confirmed using immunohistochemistry for Muc1 and Muc4 in small intestinal sections of wild-type and Muc2−/− mice fed an intragastric isocaloric or alcohol diet (Fig. 4C,D). Alcoholic steatohepatitis is dependent on endotoxin derived from intestinal bacteria.2, 30 Since Muc2 is expressed in the intestine but not the liver, we next investigated whether translocation of bacterial products from the intestine to the systemic circulation is affected by the absence of Muc2.