, 2010), little is known about the culturable actinobacteria associated with corals (Lampert et al., 2006; Nithyanand & Pandian, 2009; Gray et al., 2011; Nithyanand et al., 2011). In this study, the actinobacterial species Saccharomonospora xinjiangensis and alphaproteobacterial species Novosphingobium panipatense were first isolated from corals. Fungi in corals are now known to cause coral diseases, but little attention has been paid to the nature of fungal communities in corals. In this study, a relatively diverse fungal community (24 isolates of 10 fungal species) was found in A. dichotoma. Highly diverse fungal communities also Ibrutinib supplier have been found in many different

soft coral species collected from Raffles Lighthouse find more in Singapore (Koh et al., 2000) and the Caribbean (Toledo-Hernandez et al., 2007, 2008). However, the fungal community compositions were obviously different in different coral species; most fungal species isolated from A. dichotoma were not found in soft corals from Raffles Lighthouse in Singapore (Koh et al., 2000) and the Caribbean (Toledo-Hernandez et al., 2007, 2008). In the present study,

all fungal isolates were identified as known fungal species except for the strain SCSAAF0025 (JQ354930), which might be a candidate for a new species or genus. Aspergillus and Penicillium were the most diverse and common genera (17 of 24 isolates). The two genera have also been found frequently in stony corals (Priess et al., 2000), soft corals (Zhang et al., 2012) and other marine invertebrates such as sponges (Holler et al., 2000; Zhou et al., 2011). It appears that the two fungal genera are successful at colonizing different hosts and are ubiquitous in many marine organisms. The results (Fig. 4) clearly indicate that different media yield different

numbers and species of microbial isolates in the black coral A. dichotoma. For the four bacterial isolation media used in this study, M2 had the best recoverability of bacterial genera, and could recover all eight bacterial genera except for Novosphingobium, which was only isolated from M3. Dapagliflozin Compared with the other three media, M2 contains lower concentrations of several free amino acids and vitamins. Gil et al. (2009) reported that the best nitrogen sources for bacterial isolation were proteins, peptones and amino acids. Our results support the notion that diverse bacteria can be well recovered on media with low concentrations of free amino acids, and also indicate that vitamins may play important roles in the isolation of bacteria from black corals. A combination of M2 and M3 would be sufficient for isolating bacteria from the black coral A. dichotoma in this study. Of the four fungal isolation media tested in this study, M6, M7 and M8 were equally suitable for culturing a similar diversity of fungi with different numbers of isolates. Koh et al.