2% HBV+HCV) and 16% (114 of 699) of treatment-experienced patients (6% HBV only, 9% HCV only and 1% HBV+HCV). Among treatment-naïve patients receiving raltegravir, median

CD4 cell count and median HIV RNA level at baseline were similar between hepatitis B/C-positive and hepatitis B/C-negative patients. Among treatment-experienced patients receiving raltegravir, the median CD4 cell count was slightly higher and the median HIV RNA level was slightly lower in those with hepatitis coinfection. Panobinostat The incidence of drug-related clinical adverse events was similar in raltegravir recipients with hepatitis coinfection compared with those without coinfection in both STARTMRK (50 vs. 47%) and BENCHMRK (34 vs. 38.5%). The incidence of hepatobiliary adverse events was low overall and was not affected by hepatitis Selleck YAP-TEAD Inhibitor 1 coinfection status (Table 2). Specific events reported in coinfected patients were hepatitis, bile duct

stone and cholelithiasis; in patients without hepatitis coinfection, the specific hepatobiliary events were hepatic failure, hepatic pain, hepatic steatosis, hepatitis, hepatomegaly, hyperbilirubinaemia, jaundice, portal hypertension, cholangitis, cholecystitis, cholelithiasis, cholestasis, gallbladder disorder and gallbladder polyp. In both the treatment-naïve and treatment-experienced populations, grade 2–4 elevations in AST, ALT and total bilirubin levels were more common in patients with hepatitis coinfection than in those with HIV infection only (Table 2); this difference was observed in the raltegravir treatment groups as well as the control groups (efavirenz in STARTMRK and OBT in BENCHMRK). After 96 weeks of treatment, raltegravir displayed similar antiviral and immunological effects in HIV-infected patients with and without HBV and/or HCV coinfection (Table 3). HIV RNA <50 copies/mL was achieved in 93% Non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase of treatment-naïve patients with

hepatitis coinfection compared with 90% of patients without HBV or HCV infection. Similarly, HIV RNA <50 copies/mL was achieved in 63 and 61%, respectively, of treatment-experienced patients with and without hepatitis coinfection. The mean change from baseline in CD4 cell count also was similar for raltegravir recipients with and without hepatitis coinfection in both the treatment-naïve and treatment-experienced populations (Table 3). Severe hepatotoxicity has been reported in up to 23% of patients receiving antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection [10]. Risk factors for hepatotoxic events include baseline elevation in serum aminotransferase or total bilirubin levels, coinfection with HBV or HCV, pre-existing liver insufficiency and certain antiretroviral drugs, specifically, stavudine, didanosine, nevirapine, full-dose ritonavir and tipranavir [7–10]. The hepatic effects of newer antiretroviral drugs will be an important consideration in the selection of therapeutic regimens for patients with HIV and hepatitis coinfection.