175 In agreement with the predictions of this “synaptic homeostas

175 In agreement with the predictions of this “synaptic homeostasis hypothesis” of sleep,176 a recent study showed that in healthy humans prolonged wakefulness is associated with significant changes in the state of cortical circuits involving a steady increase in the excitability of human cortical circuits that is rebalanced during sleep.177 These effects have been related with the circadian rhythms of glutamatergic Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical neurotransmission and with increased synaptic weights in animal models,178 thus supporting the hypothesis

that these mechanisms could provide a new basis in conceptualizing the link between chronotherapeutics and brain homeostasis in bipolar depression. Conclusion In conclusion, chronotherapeutics has now been Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical proven to be a powerful

clinical instrument for the treatment of depression in everyday clinical practice. Rapidity of effects and lower rates of switch into mania with sellckchem respect to available antidepressant drugs make chronotherapeutic combinations a first-choice option for the hospital treatment of patients with a major depressive episode in the course of bipolar disorder. Antidepressant efficacy in nearly one half of Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical drug-resistant patients makes it mandatory for the clinician to prescribe these treatments to these difficult-to-treat patients. Single techniques, such as light therapy, can be easily prescribed to outpatients in combination with the usual antidepressant drug treatments. In all cases, chronotherapeutic techniques should be combined with mood-stabilizing treatments, such as lithium salts, which are the mainstay of the Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical long-term psychiatric management of bipolar disorder and which can enhance, and sustain the acute antidepressant Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical effects of chronotherapeutics.
Rarely in the history of Western thought has a concept inspired as much reflexion as that of time. The humanities, as well as the

DAPT secretase mw various fields of research making up natural science, life science, social science, cognitive science, and neuroscience all have fundamental things to say about time, or temporality, and its different accepted forms (duration, instant, moment, cycle, rhythm, flux, period, era, etc). Given this astounding wealth of scholarship, it is essential to define precisely one’s object of study. This contribution deals with collective representations of time and the academic work they have elicited in the field of social science. GSK-3 Being an anthropologist, I provide an overview of the theories that have arisen and been developed and discussed in this field, but I also consider the work of sociologists, social theorists, and historians. This contribution is based on the assumption that the construction of time in social processes of action and thought has as great an impact on individual representations and perceptions as, say, brain rhythms, light cycles, or the phenomenon of aging.

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