For the fluorescence analysis, 2 μL of the fluorescent substrate Bortezomib clinical trial 2-(12-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl) amino) dodecanoyl-1-hexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine

(Invitrogen, C12-NBD-PC, 0.5 mg mL−1 in 10% ethanol) and 10 μL of 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (Sigma, 0.14 mg mL−1 in 10% ethanol) were added. The reaction mixture utilizing a radioactive substrate contained radioactive phosphatidylglycerol (PG) obtained by growing Mycoplasma gallisepticum cells in Hayflick’s medium (Hayflick & Stinebring, 1960) containing 0.25 μCi of [9,10(n)-3H]oleic acid (New England Nuclear) per mL. The radiolabeled lipids thus obtained were extracted (Salman & Rottem, 1995) and separated by thin-layer chromatography (TLC), and the PG spot was scraped off the plate and eluted with chloroform-methanol (1 : 1 by vol.). The radioactive PG was dried under a stream of nitrogen, resuspended in a solution of 0.25 M NaCl in 10 mM Tris–HCl (pH 8) containing 1.5 mg mL−1 of a commercial PG preparation (Sigma), and dispersed by sonication as described above. In control experiments, the M. hyorhinis membrane preparations were replaced with 5 units of snake venom phospholipase A2 (PLA2), 2.5 units of Clostridium welchii PLC, or 1 unit of peanut phospholipase D (PLD), all products of Sigma. The reaction was carried out at 37 °C for up to 4 h and was terminated by the addition of methanol/chloroform (2 : 1 by vol.). The entire mixture was extracted

VE-821 by the Bligh and Dyer procedure (Bligh & Dyer, 1959) and analyzed by TLC developed in chloroform-methanol-water (65 : 25 : 4 by vol.). The fluorescence of C12-NBD-free fatty acids (C12-NBD-FFA, R F = 0.82), C12-NBD-PC (R F = 0.33), and C12-NBD-lysophosphatidylcholine (C12-NBD-LPC, R F = 0.11) was detected using the luminescent image analyzer LAS-3000 equipped with a blue-light-emitting diode (460 nm EPI) and a Y515-Di filter, and quantification of the C12-NBD fluorescence was performed using tina 2.0 software (Ray Tests). Radioactivity

in PG, lyso-PG, FFA, or diglyceride spots was determined in a scintillation spectrometer (Packard Tri-Carb 2900 TR). PLC activity in membrane preparations was determined as previously described (Kurioka & Matsuda, 1976), by measuring the release of p-nitrophenol (pNP) from p-nitrophenyl phosphorylcholine (pNP-PC; Sigma). The Pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction mixture (in a total volume of 100 μL) contained 40 μg membrane protein and 20 mM pNP-PC in a buffer containing 0.25 M NaCl and 10 mM Tris-maleate (pH 7.2). The reaction mixture was incubated for up to 42 h at 37 °C, and the release of pNP was monitored using BMG FLUOstar Galaxy multifunctional microplate reader at 410 nm. Functional annotation of M. hyorhinis GPD and phospholipases was obtained by blast searching using default parameters in the nonredundant database (http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). Protein analysis of GPD was performed using psort (http://www.psort.org) and ScanProsite (http://prosite.expasy.org).