After subsequent washing steps a mouse anti-WNV polyclonal serum was applied to the wells and incubated for 1 h at 37 °C. After washing, the wells were incubated with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated donkey anti-mouse IgG (Jackson Immuno Research Laboratories) for 1 h at 37 °C. After subsequent washing steps, substrate (o-phenylenediamine/H2O2) was added, and the enzyme

reaction was stopped after 15 min at 37 °C by the addition of 0.25 M H2SO4. The absorbance at 490 nm was measured with an ELISA plate reader (BIO-TEK, Winooski, VT, USA) and the inhibitors antigen content was calculated (KC4 software; BIO-TEK) by means of the standard curve derived from the dilution steps of the WNV Peak Pool standard material. All animal experiments were reviewed by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) and approved by the Austrian regulatory selleck inhibitor authorities and were conducted in accordance with Austrian laws on animal experimentation and guidelines set out by the Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care (AAALAC). Animals were housed in facilities accredited by the AAALAC. All experiments with infectious virus were carried out under biosafety level 3 conditions.

Experiments were approved by the Baxter internal biosafety committee and by the Austrian Ministry of Health (BMFG-76110/0002-IV/B/12/2005). For the construction of a bipartite infectious clone, six contiguous cDNA fragments encoding the genome of the lineage I WNV strain NY99 were chemically synthesized and integrated in bacterial expression plasmids (see Section Thiazovivin supplier 2) according to the cloning strategy outlined in Fig. 1. Three silent marker mutations were introduced

(see also [19]) allowing the discrimination of the synthetic virus from the corresponding wild-type isolate (see Table 1). The six synthetically generated WNV subfragments were ligated stepwise, resulting in two plasmids with corresponding parts of the complete genomic WNV sequence. For this purpose, either unique restriction sites in the WNV sequence were used, or – where appropriate – asymmetric restriction sites were generated in the plasmid vector backbone adjacent to the WNV fragments. Cleavage of these asymmetric sites created overhangs in the WNV sequence by which corresponding fragments could be fused Tryptophan synthase together. Following this strategy, two plasmids were generated, containing either the 5′ third (nt 1–3632 under control of a T7 promoter) or the 3′ two-thirds (nt 3622–11,029) of the WNV genomic sequence, designated as pWNVsyn-5′TL or pWNVsyn-3′TL, respectively. Each of the cloning steps was evaluated by complete sequencing of the cDNA insert and no undesired sequence alterations were observed. Further, in the final two plasmids no nucleotide alterations were found with the exception of the intended silent marker mutations. To analyze the functionality of the cDNA system, RNA transcripts corresponding to the entire genome of WNV were generated.