5 and 1 mmol/gDW/h (Experiment C). The most significant changes were observed in the enolase (R49) and pyruvate kinase (R50) reactions where a 100% increase in flux is observed when glycerol consumption was increased from 0 to 0.5 mmol/gDW/h and from 0.5 to 1 mmol/gDW/h. Figure 3 NVP-BGJ398 order Relative changes in flux with changes in glycerol consumption rate. The response of selected reactions when the glycerol uptake rate is at 0 and 0.5 mmol/gDW/h is compared

in Experiment A, between 0 and 1 mmol/gDW/h in Experiment B, and between 0.5 and … 3.4. Parameter Variability Analysis To determine the degree of redundancy in the values of our estimated kinetic parameters, we performed PVA by repeating Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical our estimation algorithm 100 times for Model 2. It is well known that different sets of parameters values can fit to experimental time-series Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical data resulting in mathematical redundancy [28,29]. This means that running the parameter estimation 100 times may produce 100 different sets of parameter values that are able to fit the input data set equally well. In Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical order to facilitate their interpretation, the results of PVA were split into five different categories based on the stoichiometry

of the reaction (uni-uni, uni-bi, bi-uni, bi-bi and reactions of more than two substrates or products). The results of PVA show that many parameters are not strongly constrained (Figure 4). Separate graphs of average values and standard Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical deviations for parameters under each reaction category are shown in Supplementary File 5. These results show that overall Vf, the velocity of the forward reaction, is the most constrained parameter having the smallest standard deviation (Table 1). Since Vf is directly related to the amount of enzyme and the expression level of the corresponding gene(s), it is expected to be more tightly linked to a particular condition, thus more constrained by a given flux distribution. Figure 4 Average parameter values and standard deviations of estimated kinetic parameters after repeating the genetic algorithm 100 times. The parameters

were Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical classified into five reaction types: uni-uni (black), uni-bi (red), bi-uni (blue), bi-bi (purple) and … Table 1 Average parameter values and standard Ketanserin deviation (Stdev) for the most constrained parameters in logarithmic scale over 100 iterations of parameter variability analysis (PVA). Reactions are of type uni-uni, uni-bi, bi-uni, bi-bi, or convenience kinetics … The high degree of redundancy in the parameter values as indicated by PVA comes in support of our underlying assumption that accurate rate equations and kinetic parameters are not necessarily crucial in constraining the behaviour of the biological system. Nevertheless, the integration of genomic and proteomic data, together with metabolic and flux data, is expected to reduce mathematical redundancy as shown by previous studies [14,29].