3. Challenges and Future Opportunities In this section, challenges such as safety considerations and reformulation strategies to overcome loading limitations, overdosing, and clearance issues are addressed. The opportunities lie in the enhanced capabilities with respect to improves therapeutic

intervention strategies and additional applications for nanomedicine in the healthcare sector. The perception that nanomaterials have inherent incompatibility issues with respect to the uptake into the human systemic environment has been addressed by many nanobiotechnology researchers Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical (see Zook et al. [54] for a representative paper from the Biochemical Science Division of the National Institute of Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical Standards and Technology). Concerns such as toxicity, leaching, clearance, reproducibility/nonuniformity, chaperone characteristics/use of surface active agents and stability are major factors affecting the revolutionization of nanomedicine. The presence of multiple nanotechnology based drugs in the market place attests to

the resolution of many of these issues. However, many more related to bioefficacy, loading capacity, and other features associated with performance optimization present ongoing challenges and opportunities for advances in nanomedicine thereby ensuring that it represents Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical the future of medical care. General discussions, with key literature references, can be found in sources such as the Biomedical Engineering Handbook [55]. Of particular interest Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical would be the section devoted to bionanotechnology with specific articles related to nanomaterials: perspectives and possibilities in nanomedicine [56]. The following comments are excerpts from their work and that of many other previously mentioned researchers [1–10, 31, 32, 35, 45, 52], along with summary statements from previous sections of this paper. Specific illness treatments via nanomedicine protocols each have unique detriments that can

be remedied by providing a range of delivery systems. The concept is to develop methods of controlled therapeutic delivery Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical and release to specific tissues and tumors over a desired timeline. These systems are designed specifically to deliver soluble drugs, proteins, vaccine adjuvants, and NF-��B high throughput screening plasmid DNA for gene therapy by exposing target cells to their cargo. The chaperone is thus required to of enter the cells via endocytic or phagocytic pathways and release its payload through degradation and diffusion mechanisms. The major challenge here is to accomplish these tasks while addressing the issues of biocompatibility, biodegradation, and the capture and clearance by the reticuloendothelial system (RES). Although excelling at some aspects, the current systems often fail to incorporate all required characteristics for high in vivo performance. The chaperones for therapeutic nanoentities include viral carriers, organic and inorganic nanoparticles, and peptides.