The antibiotic concentrations tested ranged from 0.5 to 256 mg/L for the anti-pseudomonal

antibiotics CAZ, CIP, TOB, IPM, and MEM; and from 2 to 4096 mg/L for the macrolides AZM and CLR. BIC values were determined as previously described [19]. Prior to testing, the organisms were subcultured in trypticase soy broth with 5% KNO3 and incubated overnight after retrieval from −80°C. Bacteria were re-subcultured in MacConkey agar (bioMèrieux®, France) and incubated overnight. A bacterial suspension in CAMHB containing 5% KNO3 was prepared with an inoculum density equivalent to 0.5 McFarland (Densimat, bioMèrieux®). Afterwards, 100 μL were inoculated into all but the negative control of a flat-bottom 96-well microtiter plate. Plates were covered with lids presenting Bucladesine solubility dmso 96 pegs in which the biofilms could build up, followed by incubation at 37°C for 20 h. Peg lids were rinsed three times with sterile saline to remove non-binding cells, placed onto other 96-well flat-bottom microplates

containing a range of antibiotic concentrations and incubated for 18 to 20 h at 37°C. Pegs carrying control biofilms were submerged in antibiotic-free medium. After antibiotic incubation, peg lids were again rinsed three times in sterile saline and incubated in fresh CAMHB in a new microplate and centrifugated at 805 X g for 20 min. The peg lid was discarded and replaced by a standard lid. The optical density (OD) at 650 nm was measured on a microtiter plate colorimeter before and after incubation at 37°C for 6 h (OD650 GM6001 supplier at 6 h minus OD650 at 0 h). EPZ015938 chemical structure Biofilm formation

was defined as a mean OD650 difference ≥ 0.05 for the biofilm control. The BIC values were defined as the lowest concentration without growth. CLSI criteria [34] were used to classify the isolates as ¨Susceptible¨ Sclareol (“S”), ¨Intermediate¨ (“I”) or ¨Resistant¨ (“R”). Macrolide combination assay (MCA) and inhibitory quotient (IQ) Only isolates with a BIC value in “R” or “”I” classification according to CLSI interpretative criteria [34] for CAZ, CIP, TOB, IPM, and MEM were used in the MCA and IQ. MCA was performed in a 96-well microplate containing CAZ, CIP, TOB, IPM, or MEM in twofold dilutions in addition to macrolides at sub-inhibitory concentrations [35]. With the purpose to assign activity of AZM and CLR in combination with the antibiotics and to better evaluate susceptibility changing category, we established an inhibitory quotient (IQ). IQ is the quotient of the maximum antibiotic serum concentration and the BIC value of each antibiotic in combination with the macrolide. IQ categorization for CAZ, CIP, TOB, IPM, and MEM to evaluate the activity of macrolides in different concentrations against resistant P. aeruginosa isolates was as follows: strong IQ (IQ ≥ 2, except for CIP, whose IQ was ≥ 1), weak IQ (IQ = 0.5), or non-inhibition (IQ ≤ 0.5).