Yealy et al conducted a study on 32 Emergency Departments (EDs) in Pennsylvania and Connecticut, randomized to a low-, moderate-, or high-intensity intervention for the management of Libraries patients with CAP. It was found that 167 (37.5%) of the 445 eligible patients at a low risk for mortality in the low-intensity group were treated on an outpatient basis; whereas, 461 (61%) of the 756 eligible patients at low risk for mortality in the moderate-intensity group

and 433 (61.9%) of the 700 eligible patients at low risk for mortality in the high-intensity group were Bcl-2 inhibitor treated as out-patients.17 Furthermore, a follow up study enumerated the reasons why 845 patients at low risk were admitted to the hospital. These patients were all in PSI risk class II and III, had evidence of medical or psychosocial conditions that were not addressed by the PSI and multilobar

infiltrates, and were receiving therapy with oxygen at home and corticosteroids or antibiotics before presentation. Twenty percent had no identifiable risk factors for hospitalization other than PSI class II or III.17 Moreover, Marrie and Huang (2005), carried out a prospective observational study of patients who were at low risk for mortality (PSI risk classes I and II) and were admitted to 6 hospitals and 1 ED in Edmonton, Alberta and Canada. Their research showed that 586 (19.1%) buy Hydroxychloroquine of 3065 patients at low risk were admitted; 48.4% of these patients remained in the hospital for more than 5 days due to comorbidities.18 Another prospective observational study of patients with CAP from 8 French EDs that used the PSI to guide the site of treatment decision (PSI-user EDs) and 8 French EDs that did not use the PSI (PSI-nonuser EDs). For the EDs that used the PSI to guide treatment, 92 (42.8%) of 215 eligible patients at low risk were treated as out-patients; in the EDs that did not use PSI to guide treatment, 56 (23.9%) of 234 eligible patients at low risk were treated

as out-patients.18 In a recent study, not regarding the reasons why ED providers do not rely on the pneumonia severity index to determine the initial site of treatment for patient with pneumonia, there were 1306 patients with CAP (689 low risk patients and 617 higher risk patients). Among these patients, physicians admitted 258 (37.4%) of 689 low risk patients and treated 20 (3.2%) of 617 higher risk patients as out-patients.18 In a similar manner, in this study, physicians admitted 10 cases (37%) of 27 low risk patients and treated 1 case (12.5%) of 8 high risk patients as an out-patient. The most commonly reported reasons for admitting low risk patients in a study by Renaud et al was the presence of a comorbid illness (71.5%); a laboratory value, vital sign, or symptom that precluded emergency department discharge (29.3%); or a recommendation from a primary care or a consulting physician (19.3%).